Chapters 8-13 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Define egocentrism and provide an example
Egocentrism - Piaget’s term for children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective.
Example: A 3 year old choosing to buy a model car as a birthday present for their mother because that’s what they would want but truly hoping and expecting mom to like it.
Define conservation and provide and example
Conservation - The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same even when its appearance changes.
Example: young children will often make the mistake of thinking a tall thin glass containing the same amount of liquid as a short fat glass actually contains more liquid because the level is higher. They fail to understand conservation.
Define “focus on appearance” and provide an example
“Focus on appearance” - a characteristic of pre operational thought in which a young child ignores all attribute that are not apparent.
Example: A girl given a short haircut might worry that she has turned into a boy. (a thing is whatever it appears to be)
Define static reasoning and provide an example
Static reasoning - a characteristic of pre operational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
Example: young children do not understand that their parents were ever babies.
Define irreversibility and provide an example
Irreversibility - a characteristic of pre operational thought in which a young child thins that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
Example: A young girl crying because her mother put lettuce on her sandwich and rejecting the food even after the lettuce is removed because she believes it cannot be fixed.
Define symbolic thought and provide an example
Symbolic thought - a major accomplishment of pre operational intelligence that allows a child to think symbolically, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen and that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else (in this case a country).
Define scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.
Define zone of proximal development
Vygotsky’s term for the skills - cognitive as well as physical - that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.
Define overimitation
When a person imitates an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned - common among 2-6 year olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient.
Define fast mapping
the speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.
define emotional regulation
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed
define effortful control
the ability to regulate one’s emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination.
define internalizing problems
difficulty with emotional regulation that involves turning one’s emotional distress inward, as by feeling excessively guilty, ashamed, or worthless.
define externalizing problems
difficulty with emotional regulation that involves expressing powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, as by lashing out at other people or breaking things.
define prosocial behavior
actions that are helpful and kind but are of no obvious benefit to oneself
define antisocial behavior
actions that are deliberately hurtful or destructive to another person
define instrumental aggression
behavior that hurts someone else because the aggressor wants to get or keep a possession or a privilege.
define bullying aggression
unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attacks, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves.
define selective attention
the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others
define automatization
process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and actions makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought.
define autism spectrum disorder
developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction - including difficulty seeing things form another person’s point of view - and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior interests, or activities.
define sensory memory
component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed.
define working memory
component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs.
define long-term memory
component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
