Chapters 8,9,10 Unit 4 AOS 1 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Gross National Income (GNI)
The total value of goods and services a country’s citizens produce, including the value of income earned by citizens who may be working in an overseas country.
Characteristics of high-, middle- and low-income countries
- Economic
- Social
- Environmental
Economic Characteristics
- Levels of poverty
- Range of industries
- Opportunities for global trade
- Average incomes
Extreme/Absolute Poverty
Living on less than US$1.90 per day.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12-month period.
Difference between GNI and GDP
GDP is similar to GNI, but is not adjusted to take into account the income earned by foreign citizens or the income earned by citizens working in other countries. As a result, GNI is being used more as an accurate indicator of the average income of a country.
Social Characteristics
- Levels of gender equality
- Birth rates and population growth
- Levels of employment
- Levels of education
- Social security systems
- Health systems
- Access to technology
- Legal systems
Environmental Characteristics
- Access to safe water and sanitation
- Food security
- Housing
- Infrastructure
- Levels of carbon dioxide emissions
Similarities and differences in low-, middle- and high-income countries
Refer to table in Notion
Double Burden of Disease
The coexistence of communicable and non-communicable or chronic diseases.
Factors that contribute to similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease globally
- Access to safe water
- Sanitation
- Poverty
- Inequality and discrimination (race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity)
- Global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods
Relative Poverty
Living on less than 50% of country’s average income.
Poverty contributes to differences in burden of disease by:
Reducing access to a range of resources:
* Nutritious food
* Clean water and sanitation
* Education
* Healthcare
* Adequate housing
* Government services (e.g. social protection measures) and infrastructure
Discrimination
When a person or group of people is treated differently than other people, often a result of factors such as race, religion, sex, sexual orientation and gender identity.
Globalisation
The process whereby boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale. It can be described as transforming the different societies of the world into one global society. A reduction in barriers to trade, communication and transport contributes to this process.
Tobacco
- Tobacco manufacturers have been targeting low and middle income countries
- This is to make up for lost revenue experienced in high income countries
- Laws, regulations and public awareness campaigns which operate in many high-income countries, like Australia, are often non-existent in low and middle income countries.
- Distribution and marketing has increased in low and middle income countries in an attempt to increase global sales
Alcohol
- Like tobacco companies, alcohol manufacturers have experienced a decrease in revenue in many high income countries
- Therefore, they are increasingly marketing their products to people in low and middle income countries
- Increased alcohol consumption in low and middle income countries
Processed Foods
- Have been marketing products in low and middle income countries for years
- Contributes to increased incidence of lifestyle diseases like obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
- Chronic disease associated with high intake of processed foods impacts health status: e.g. people with diabetes or cardiovascular disease may not be able to earn an income, which reduces their standard of living and may further increase their risk of chronic illness and premature death
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Dimensions of Sustainability
- Economic
- Social
- Environmental
Economic Sustainability
Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.
Components of Economic Sustainability:
- Trade
- Economic growth
- Job creation
- Innovation and diversity of industries
How Economic Sustainability can Promote Health and Wellbeing
- Ensuring all people can earn a decent income
- Increasing capacity of governments to provide services and infrastructure (provision of infrastructure for clean water and sanitation promotes physical health and wellbeing by reducing the risk of infectious diseases)
- Ensuring children can stay in school (Economic sustainability means children will not be forced into labour due to poverty; instead they may remain at school. this promotes social interaction, enhancing social health and wellbeing. there are other ways health and wellbeing is promoted by the fact that children can stay in school and receive an education)
Social Sustainability
Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely.
