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AP Environmental Science > Chapters 9&10 > Flashcards

Chapters 9&10 Flashcards

(76 cards)

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0
Q

food security

A

The guarantee of an adequate, reliable, and available food apply to all people at all times

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1
Q

Transgenes

A

genes from the DNA of one organism transferred into the DNA of a different species to enhance

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2
Q

undernourished

A

receive less than 90% of their daily caloric needs

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3
Q

Overnutrition

A

receive too many calories each day

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4
Q

malnutrition

A

A shortage of nutrients the body needs

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5
Q

kwashiorkor

A

results from a diet with little protein

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6
Q

marasmus

A

caused by a combination of protein deficiency and a lack of calories

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7
Q

pest

A

any organism that damages crops that are valuable

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8
Q

weed

A

any plants that compete with crops

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9
Q

pesticide

A

poisons that target pests

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10
Q

insecticides

A

targets insects

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11
Q

herbicides

A

targets plants

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12
Q

fungicides

A

targets fungi

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13
Q

biological control

A

uses a pest’s natural predators to control the pest

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14
Q

evolutionary arms race

A

chemists increase chemical toxicity to compete with resistant pests

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15
Q

bacillus thueingiensis (Bt)

A

soil bacterium that kills many pests

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16
Q

integrated pest management (IPM)

A

uses a numerous technics including Biocontrol, chemicals, population monitoring, habitat alteration, crop rotation, transgenic crops, alternative tillage methods, and mechanical pest removal

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17
Q

recombinant DNA

A

New strand of genes that do not exist in nature

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18
Q

genetic engineering

A

any process where scientists directly manipulate an organism’s genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of DNA

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19
Q

genetically modified organisms (GMO)

A

organisms that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA technology

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20
Q

biotechnology

A

The material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms

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21
Q

gene banks

A

institutions store seeds from Crockett varieties, keeping then and cold, dry conditions to encourage long-term viability

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22
Q

feedlots

A

operations and which animals our house and huge warehouses or pens where energy rich food is provided to the animals living at extremely high densities

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23
Q

aquaculture

A

raising fish and shellfish on fish farms controlled environments

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24
sustainable agriculture
farming that does not deplete soils faster than they form and does not reduce the amount of healthy soil, clean water, and genetic diversity essential to long-term crop and livestock production
25
Low input agriculture
farming that uses small amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, growth hormones, water, and fossil fuel energy than is used in industrial agriculture
26
organic agriculture
food growth practices that use no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides
27
agriculture
practice of raising crops and livestock for human use and consumption
28
cropland
land used to raise plants for human use
29
rangeland/pasture
land used for grazing livestock
30
soil
A complex plant supporting system consisting of disintegrated rock, organic matter, water, gases, nutrients, and microorganisms
31
traditional agriculture
biologically powered agriculture, using human and animal musclepower
32
subsistence agriculture
families produce only enough food for themselves
33
intensive agriculture
produces excess food to sell
34
industrialized agriculture
using large scale mechanization and fossil fuels to boost yields
35
monocultures
uniform planting of a single crop
36
Green Revolution
The use of new technology, crop varieties, and farming practices introduced to developing countries
37
Parent material
The geologic base material of soil
38
bedrock
The continuous mass of solid rock comprising the Earth's crust
39
weathering
processes that break down rocks to form soil
40
physical weathering
Wind and rain, no chemical changes in the parent material
41
Chemical weathering
substances chemically interact with parent material
42
biological weathering
organisms break down material
43
erosion
movement of soil by wind or water
44
humus
dark, spongy, crumbly mass of material formed by partial decomposition
45
horizon
each layer of soil
46
soil profile
The cross-section of soil as a whole
47
topsoil
inorganic and organic material most nutritive for plants
48
leaching
dissolved particles move down through horizons
49
soil color
indicates it's composition and fertility
50
Black or dark brown soil
rich in organic matter
51
pale tan or gray soil
indicates leaching
52
soil texture
determined by the size of particles
53
loam
soil with an even mix of clay, silt, and sand
54
soil structure
A measure of the arrangement of sand, silt, are clay particles into clumps
55
soil pH
The degree of acidity or alkalinity, which influences its ability to support plant growth
56
cation exchange
process that allows plants to gain nutrients; soil particles that are negatively charged hold positively charged nutrient ions
57
cation exchange capacity
A soils relative ability to hold cations
58
deposition
The arrival of eroded material at its new location
59
recall
floodplains are excellent for farming
60
plowpan
A hard layer resulting from repeated plowing that resists water infiltration and root penetration
61
Swidden agriculture
cultivation of a plot for a few years and then letting it to regrow into forest (secondary succession)
62
decertification
A loss of more than 10% productivity due to soil erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, overgrazing, drought, salinization, climate change, depletion of water sources, or an array of other factors
63
Dust Bowl
large-scale cultivation of the southern Great Plains of the United States, combined with the drought in the 1930s, lead to dust storms, destroying the land and affecting human health
64
The soil conservation service
pioneered measures to slow soil degradation; assess land, prepare for an agriculture plan, work with landowners, implement conservation measures
65
natural resources conservation service
1994 renaming of the soil conservation service
66
conservation districts
districts operate with federal direction, authorization, and funding, but are organized by the states
67
crop rotation
The practice of alternating the kind of crop grown in a particular field from one season or year to the next
68
irrigation
artificial provision of water to support agriculture
69
Waterlogging
over irrigated soils
70
drip irrigation
targets water directly to plants
71
salinization
The build up of salts and surface soil layers; influences pH to be more acidic
72
fertilizers
substances containing essential nutrients
73
inorganic fertilizers
synthetically manufactured mineral supplements
74
organic fertilizers
consist of natural materials; the remains or wastes of organisms
75
compost
produced when decomposers break down organic matter

AP Environmental Science (1 decks)

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