Chapters 9-11 Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is NOT a muscle of respiration?
A. External intercostal
B.external oblique
C. Diaphragm
D. Internal intercostal
A
B. External oblique
2
Q
What canals connect lacunae together?
A
Canaliculi
3
Q
Standing on tiptoes is an example of a:
A
Second-class lever
4
Q
Damage to the stylohyoid, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid impairs:
A
Swallowing
5
Q
The neck muscles, which attach to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone are:
A
Sternocleidomastoid
6
Q
The deepest abdominal muscle is:
A
Transversus abdominis
7
Q
A muscle that opposes or slows an action is called an:
A
Antagonist
8
Q
Where does the mentalis muscle insert?
A
Skin of the chin
9
Q
Which muscle assists with smiling?
A
Zygomaticus major
10
Q
Most levers in the human body are:
A
Third-class levers
11
Q
What can you tell about a muscle whose name includes the word serratus?
A
It’s appearance is serrated or jagged
12
Q
Which type of muscle works together with the agonist?
A
Synergist
13
Q
Which of the following is NOT a muscle of the rotation cuff?
A
Teres major
14
Q
Which muscle provides voluntary control of defecation?
A
External anal sphincter
15
Q
What influences the appearance and function of skeletal muscle?
A
Arrangement of the pattern of fascicles
16
Q
The main immediate source of ATP (lasting about 10 seconds) as muscle co fractions begin comes from:
A
Creatine phosphate
17
Q
Latrotoxin, produced by the poisonous black widow spider, increases the release of acetylcholine. How do muscle cells respond?
A
Muscle cells will experience fused or complete tetanus when excess acetylcholine exists
18
Q
Increase in tension by increasing the number of motor units that are stimulated is called:
A
Recruitment
19
Q
Which of the following is not one of the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue?
A. Decreased availability of oxygen
B. Depletion of metabolites
C. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
D. Environmental conditions such as extreme heat
A
C. Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
20
Q
When an action potential arrives in an axon terminal, synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine are released by:
A
Exocytosis
21
Q
When the sarcomere contracts and shortens:
A
The A band stays the same
22
Q
Relaxation is a passive process, and it begins when:
A
When neural stimulation stops
23
Q
When the sarcolemma repolarizes and returns to rest:
A
The inside of the sarcolemma has the same charge as the outside
24
Q
The progressive stiffening of muscles after death, known as Rigor Mortis is due to:
A
ATP depletion, which leads to high cystolic calcium and inability of cross ridges to detach
25
Which protein does NOT belong in a thin filament?
Myosin
26
What is the plasma membrane of skeletal muscle called?
Sarcolemma
27
The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is known as the:
Sarcolemma
28
During the recovery period after exercise, we breathe deeper as faster. This increased rate of respiration is known as:
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
29
The Na+/K+ pump helps a muscle cell maintain a state of:
Resting membrane potential
30
The folded region of sarcolemma found at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is called the
Motor end plate
31
A group of skeletal muscle fibers together with the surrounding perimysium form a:
Fascicle
32
Which fiber helps Frances stand for hours in her job as a nurse?
Type I fiber
33
Larrys muscles weakened while he played tennis for hours on a hot summer afternoon. This inability to maintain intensity is defined as:
Muscle fatigue
34
```
Which of the following wraps and surrounds an individual skeletal muscle fiber?
A. Endomysium
B. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
C. Perimysium
D. Epimysium
```
A. Endomysium
35
The type of contraction in which length of the muscle fibers do not change is called:
Isometric
36
```
Which of the following proteins forms elastic filaments?
A. Titan
B. Actin
C. Myosin
D. Troponin
```
A. Titan
37
A pathway of ATP production that results in the formation of lactic acid is:
Glycolytic catabolism
38
Where should most of the potassium ions be located when a muscle cell is at rest?
Cytosol of the muscle cell
39
The degree to which a muscle cell can stretch depends on its:
Extensibility
40
What is the functional contractile unit of them myofibril?
Sarcomere
41
What is the basic function of a muscle tissue?
Generate muscle tension
42
During muscle contraction, myosin crossbridges bond to active sites on___
Actin filaments
43
In response to physical inactivity, we expect to see muscles ___
Atrophy
44
Deep inward extensions of the sarcolemma form a tunnel-like network inside the muscle cell known as
Transverse tubules (T-tubules)
45
What type of contraction requires the greatest amount of tension?
Isotonic eccentric contraction
46
The fastest muscle contraction would be produced by a ___
Type IIb fiber
47
Between the start of the latent period and the start of the contraction period, there is a time interval during which the muscle cannot respond to another stimulus. This brief period is known as the
Refractory period
48
The binding of a myosin head to an actin molecule is termed a:
Crossbridge
49
Through which ATP generating mechanism can long-lasting muscle contractions be sustained?
Oxidative catabolism
50
Type I fibers lack____
Speed
51
What best describes the function of myoglobin?
Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells
52
What anchors thin and elastic filaments in place within the myofibril?
Z-Disc
53
What is an effect of myelination?
Myelination increases the speed of conduction of action potentials
54
What specific part of the neuron communicates with a target cell and serves as the secretory region of the cell?
Axon terminals (synaptic knobs)
55
What best describes a converging circuit?
Axon terminals from multiple input neurons join into a single postsynaptic neuron
56
Voltage-gated sodium channels have both an activation gate and:
An inactivation gate
57
What would most likely lead to an IPSP?
Opening of potassium ion channels?
58
Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. What effect would this have on the function of neurons?
The neuron would be unable to generate action potentials
59
Within the PNS, a neuron will regenerate only if:
The cell body remains intact
60
When a second EPSP arrives at a single synapse before the effects of the first have disappeared, what results?
Temporal summation
61
Neurotransmitters that bind ionotropic receptors control:
The movement of ions into or out of the postsynaptic neuron
62
Which neurotransmitter is always inhibitory?
GABA
63
The most common type of neuron in the human body is:
Multipolar
64
What type of synapse must have receptors to transmit signals?
Chemical synapse
65
Which of the following is NOT one of the mechanisms for synaptic transmission?
A. Uptake of neurotransmitter into postsynaptic neuron
B. Reuptake of neurotransmitter into presynaptic neuron
C. Diffusion of neurotransmitter away
D. Degradation of neurotransmitter by enzyme
A. Uptake of neurotransmitter into postsynaptic neuron
66
If a drug inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, the effect will be:
Increased ACh availability in synaptic cleft
67
Which statement best describes the all-or-none principle?
A. Local, or graded, potentials will always become action potentials
B. All voltage-gated sodium channels will open or none will open
C. An action potential happens completely, or it doesn't happen at all
D. All neurons conduct an action potential together, or none do
C. An action potential happens completely, or it doesn't happen at all
68
Deterioration of the dist segment of an axon as a result of injury is called :
Wallerian degeneration
69
Involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands is provided by the _____
Autonomic nervous system
70
What membrane potential must generally be met in order to achieve threshold?
-55mV
71
What must happen first in the order events at a chemical synapse?
Calcium ion channels in the axon terminal open
72
If the receptor site for a neurotransmitter were completely blocked:
Synaptic transmission would fail
73
What is the primary factor in the maintenance of a negative charge during resting membrane potential?
Leak channels
74
When is the generation of an action potential impossible, no matter the strength of the stimulus?
Absolute refractory period
75
Bidirectional, instantaneous synaptic transmission is typical of:
Electrical synapses
76
The Na+/K+ pump moves___
Na+ out of and K+ into the cell
77
Depolarizing local potentials are caused by an influx of:
Na ions via gated ion channels
78
Loss of K ions from the cytosine will have the same effect as:
Gain of Cl ions
79
Dark-staining clusters of RER and ribosomes in neurons are called
Nissl bodies
80
Bundles of axons known as tracts are part of the:
Central nervous system
81
Simultaneous stimulation from multiple presynaptic neurons will result in__
Spatial summation
82
What is a function of astrocytes
Facilitate the formation of the blood-brain barrier
83
The neural pattern in which the signal goes from several neurons to one is called
A converging circuit
84
The short, branched cytoplasmic extensions that allow neurons to receive input signals are called
Dendrites
85
If a stimulus opens ligand-gated sodium ion channels, the neuron will__
Depolarize
86
A neuron that recovers neurotransmitters from another neuron is called
The postsynaptic neuron
87
Determine the direction in which an electrical signal is carried in a typical multipolar neuron
Dendrites, cell body, axon
88
What would NOT terminate the effects of the neurotransmitter?
Presence of calcium ions in the presynaptic neuron
89
Neuronal pools are collections of:
Interneurons
90
The majority of synapses in the nervous system are:
Chemical
91
Determine the fiber type in which propagation of an action potential will occur most quickly
Myelinated type A fiber
92
What type of ion channel is always open?
Leak channel
93
Resting membrane potential is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump which brings
Two K ions into cystolic, 3 Na ions into extra cellular fluid
94
The same neurotransmitter can have different effects depending on the properties of the ____
Receptor
95
During saltatory conduction, action potentials are generated ____
I'm not at nodes of Ranvier of myelinated axons
96
Which neuroglial cell helps form the blood-brain barrier?
Astrocyte
97
What is controlled by the somatic motor division?
Skeletal muscle
98
Cholinergic synapses use the neurotransmitter ___
Acetylcholine
99
Which neuropeptide neurotransmitter is released from fibers transmitting sensory information about pain and temperature?
Substance P
100
A band
Region that contains both thick and thin filaments
101
H zone
Middle portion of the A band that contains thick filaments only
102
Z Disc
The sarcomere is situated between two of these adjacent structures
103
I Band
Region that contains only thin filaments
104
M line
Middle line of A band
105
What value best represents resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cells?
-85 mV
106
Electrical gradients exist because sodium and potassium ions are separated on either side of the plasma membrane?
T/F
True
107
What is required for excitation-contraction coupling?
Calcium ions and ATP
108
A single motor neuron together with all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates is called a
Motor unit
109
Which nervous system division is responsible for the integration of sensory information
Central nervous system
110
Hyperpolarization
The membrane potential moves from -70 mV to -90 mV
111
Repolarization
The membrane potential moves from -60 mV to -70 mV
112
Sensory input
Monitoring stimuli
113
Integration
Interpretation of sensory input
114
Motor output
Response to stimuli
115
Sensory afferent fibers
Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to brain
116
Visceral afferent fibers
Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain
117
Neurons
Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
118
Supporting cells
Cells that surround and wrap neurons
*neuroglia or glial cells
119
What are the most abundant type of glial cells?
Astrocytes
120
Tropomyosin
Double stranded protein that covers the active sites of the G protein
121
Troponin
3 gobular subunits- calcium, tropomyosin, G actin
