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Lab Practical (11-14) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory input-monitoring stimuli

Integration-interpretation of sensory input

Motor output-response to stimuli

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory (afferent) division and Motor (efferent) division

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3
Q

What kind of fibers does the sensory division have?

A

Somatic (skin) and visceral (stomach) sensory nerve fibers

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4
Q

What does the sensory division do?

A

Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

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5
Q

What does the motor division do?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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6
Q

What are the two divisions of the motor (efferent) division?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

What is the motor fiber of the somatic nervous system?

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What does the somatic nervous system do?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

Conscious control of skeletal muscles

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9
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

Conducts impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands

*involuntary

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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11
Q

What does the sympathetic division do?

A

Mobilizes body systems during activity.

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12
Q

What does the parasympathetic division do?

A

Conserves energy and promotes house-keeping functions during rest

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13
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Carries messages to and from the spinal cord

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14
Q

What do sensory afferent fibers do?

A

Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles and joints to the brain

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15
Q

What do visceral afferent fibers do?

A

Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain

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16
Q

What are the two principle cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and supporting cells

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17
Q

What are neurons?

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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18
Q

What are supporting cells?

A

(Neuroglia or glial cells) Cells that surround and wrap neurons. Insulate neurons
Promote health and growth

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19
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

•star shaped
•cling to neurons and their synaptic endings
•cover capillaries
•support/brace neurons
•anchor neurons to blood vessels/regulate transport of nutrients
•control chemical environment
(SCCSAC)

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20
Q

What are microglia cells?

A

Small ovoid cells with spiny processes

Phagocytes that monitor the health of neurons

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21
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A
  • Line central cavities of brain and spinal column
  • Help circulate/secrete cerebrospinal fluid
  • Make up Blood-Brain barrier
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22
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Smaller branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers

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23
Q

What do Schwann cells surround?

A

Fibers of PNS

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24
Q

What do satellite cells surround?

A

Neuron cell bodies with ganglia

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25
What are processes?
Arm like extensions from the soma. * called tracts in CNS and nerves in PNS * 2 types: Axons and Dendrites
26
Dendrites of Motor neurons
* Short, tapering, branched processes * receptive/input regions of neuron * electrical signals conveyed as graded potentials (not action)
27
What do axons do?
Generate and transmit action potentials and secrete neurotransmitters from axonal terminals
28
In what two ways does mor enemy along axons occur?
Anterograde- toward axon terminal Retrograde-away from axon terminal
29
What is the myelin sheath?
Whitish, fatty, segmented sheath around most long axons
30
What do myelin sheaths do?
Protect axon Electrically insulate fibers Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission
31
What are Nodes of Ranvier?
Gaps in myelin sheath between adjacent Schwann cells Sites where axon collaterals can emerge
32
What form myelin sheaths in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
33
What is white matter?
Dense collections of myelinated fibers
34
What is gray matter?
Mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers
35
What is a nerve?
Many neurons held together by connective tissue
36
What is the endoneurium?
Covering around each nerve fiber
37
What's the perineurium?
Covering around each group of fibers
38
What's the epineurium?
Covering around several groups of fibers •contains blood vessels and lymph vessels
39
What are ganglia?
Group of cell bodies in a nerve •only in PNS
40
What are action potentials or nerve impulses?
Electrical impulses carried along length of axons
41
What are the 4 ion channels?
Passive/leakage channels Chemically gated channels Voltage gated channels Mechanically gated channels
42
What are passive/leakage channels?
Always open
43
What are chemically gated channels?
Open with binding of specific neurotransmitter
44
What're voltage gated channels?
Open and close in response to membrane potential
45
What're mechanically gated channels?
Open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors
46
Membrane potential changes are produced by:
Changes in membrane permeability to ions Alterations of ion concentrations across membrane
47
Changes in membrane potential are caused by what 3 events?
Depolarization, repolsrization, hyperpolarization
48
What are graded potentials?
Short-lived, local changes in membrane potential Decrease in intensity with distance
49
What is the threshold?
Membrane is depolarizer
50
How does the CNS determine stimulus intensity?
By the frequency of impulse transmission
51
What is the absolute refractory period?
Time from the opening of the Na activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates
52
What is the cerebrum and what is it responsible for?
Enlarged superior portion of brain. Higher mental functions: learning, memory, personality, cognition, language, conscience. Also plays major roles in sensation and movement.
53
What is the Diencephalon and what's it responsible for?
Central core of the brain. Processing, integrating, relaying info, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, biological rhythms
54
What is the cerebellum and what is it responsible for?
Posterior and inferior portion of brain. Planning/coordination of movement (instrument/sport)
55
What is the brainstem and what's it responsible for?
Oldest part of brain, connects brain and spinal cord. Basic involuntary homeostatic functions, control of certain reflexes, monitoring movement, integrating/relaying info to other parts of nervous system
56
Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
Foramen magnum of skull. Between first and second lumbar vertebrae
57
What are the three primary brain vesicles?
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
58
What are the five secondary brain vesicles?
Telencephalon, Diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon.
59
What is the cerebral cortex?
Most complex part of the brain, region of gray matter
60
What are the somatic senses?
Pertaining to temperature/touch, vibration, pressure
61
What is a caudate nucleus?
C shaped rings of gray matter that sit lateral to the lateral ventricles
62
What do commissural fibers do? | What is the largest commissural fiber?
Connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Corpus callosum
63
What is the limbic system?
Includes limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdala.
64
What's the amygdala?
Functions in behavioral expression of emotion, particularly fear.
65
What's the hypothalamus?
Collection of nuclei that sits anterior and inferior to thalamus.
66
What does the hypothalamus do?
Regulate much of the ANS, the sleep/wake cycle, thirst/hunger, body temp.
67
What do the mammillary bodies do?
Recover input from hippocampus, regulate memory and behavior
68
What does the pineal gland do?
Secretes melatonin
69
What is the tectum?
"Roof" of midbrain.
70
What's the tegmentum?
Area of midbrain between cerebral aqueduct and substantial nigra
71
What's the medulla oblongata?
Inferiormost portion of brainstem
72
What are cranial meninges and how many are there?
3, Protective membranes made primarily of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue
73
What are the 3 cranial meninges?
Outermost: dura mater (thickest) Middle: arachnoid mater Innermost: pia mater
74
What is the subdural space?
Houses thin layer of serous fluid and veins that drain the brain.
75
What is the subarachnoid space?
Space in between arachnoid and pia maters that contains CSF and major blood vessels of brain
76
What are dural sinuses?
Venous channels that drain CSF and deoxygenated blood from the brains veins
77
What is the blood brain barrier
Keeps CSF and brain ECF separate from blood
78
What are 99% of neurons in the human body classified as?
Multipolar

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