Characteristics, variety, level of organisation and cell structure in living organisms Flashcards
Characteristics of living organisms
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
+ Control (of internal conditions)
Plant features and cell structure
Plants: Multicellular, cells contain chloroplasts so can photosynthesize; cellulose cell walls, store carbohydrates as starch/sucrose
Cell structure: Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, nucleus, mitochondria, permanent vacuole, ribosomes
Eukaryotic
Animal features and cell structure
Animals: Multicellular, no chloroplasts so cannot photosynthesize; no cell walls; usually have nervous coordination, store carbohydrate as glycogen, able to move from place to place
Cell structure: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
Eukaryotic
Fungi features and cell structure
Fungi: Some multi, some unicellular. Cannot photosynthesize, body usually organised into a mycelium made from hyphae(thread like structures) that contain many nuclei; chitin cell walls, feed by secreting extracellular digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products (saprotrophic nutrition); some may store carbohydrates as glycogen
Cell structure: Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
Eukaryotic
Protoctist features and cell structure
Protoctists: Microscopic unicellular organisms; different features resembling different types of organisms, some animal some plant
Cell structure: Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, some (food vacuoles, chloroplasts), contractile vacuole
Eukaryotic
Bacteria features and cell structure
Bacteria: Microscopic unicellular organisms; contain plasmids(small circular loops of DNA that contain genes, lack of nucleus but a circular chromosome of DNA; some can photosynthesize but most feed off other living or dead organisms
Cell structure: Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, circular loop of DNA, ribosomes, plasmids
Pathogen definition:
Any microorganism that causes disease in another organism
They include: Bacteria, Fungi, Protoctists, Viruses - all viruses are pathogenic
Virus features and cell structure
Viruses: Not living organisms; small particles smaller than bacteria; parasitic and can only reproduce inside living cells; they infect every type of living organism. Wide variety of shapes and sizes; no cellular structure but have a protein coat and DNA or RNA
Level of organization in organisms, starting from organelles
organelles - A component within a cell that carries out a specific task
cells - Basic functional and structural units in a living organism
tissues - A group of cells of similar structure working together to perform a particular function
organs - A group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function
organ systems - A group of different organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions within the organism
Nucleus function
Contains genetic material in chromosomes (DNA)
Controls cell division
Cytoplasm function
Supports cell structures
Site of many chemical reactions
Contains water and many solutes
Cell membrane function
Holds the cell together
Controls substances entering and leaving the cell
Cell wall function
Gives the cell extra support and defines it shape
Chloroplast function
Site of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy for the reaction to occur
Vacuole function
Contains cell sap
Used for storage of certain material
Also helps support shape of cell
