Charles and Luther 1500-1521 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
outline some individuals who paved the way for the rise of Lutheranism?
A
John Wyclif / Jan Hus / Johannes Reuchlin / Erasmus / Ulrich von Hutten
2
Q
who was declared as a heretic posthumously, had their bones dug up and publicly burned along with his key texts?
A
John Wyclif in 1415 + 1428
3
Q
3 reasons why Luther was different than other critics of Catholicism
A
- the nature and extent of Luther’s attack on the Church did not seem to be a problem
- the attitude of the princes of the HRE
- the rise of German nationalism
4
Q
why did the nature and extent of Luther’s attack on the church not seem to be a problem?
A
- he did not originally set out to break away from the CC - not immediately seen s a great heretical threat
- time to gain support for his theology from high status figures and lower classes
5
Q
what was different was about the attitude of the princes of the HRE when it came to Luther?
A
- princes frustrated with the taxes imposed by the CC and excessive control of the emperor
- looking for a way to exert their independence
- supporting Lutheran ideas would give them an excuse -> can argue that they owed no allegiance to the pope or emperor if they broke with the CC
6
Q
how did the rise of German nationalism make the situation different for Luther?
A
- princes and lower classes felt that the CC took too much money
- CC did not share power equally -> Italians dominated the higher ranking positions in the church
- desire for a German church, bible + mass in German, German people in positions of power
7
Q
what skills did Luther have that would make him a powerful reformer?
A
- trained as a lawyer - erudite + good at constructing persuasive arguments
- academic enough to translate the NT
- able to speak to and inspire all levels of people
- massively energetic, charismatic + persuasive speaker
- understood the benefit of publicity
8
Q
when was Luther born and where?
A
1483 - Eisleben
9
Q
how did a thunderstorm change Luther’s life? when?
A
2 nd July 1505, we was caught in massive thunderstorm, promises St Anne that he would become a monk if his life was spared.
17 th July 1505, he joined the order of ‘Augustinian Observants’ at Erfurt.
10
Q
who was Luther under the guidance of at the monastery in Wittenberg?
A
Johannes von Staupitz
11
Q
when did Luther go to Rome and witness corruption first hand? how did this change his view of God?
A
1510
he questioned how man could ever make himself good enough for God and what humans could do to be good enough for God
12
Q
what was Luther’s teaching on faith alone called?
A
sola fide
13
Q
what was Luther’s sola scriptura?
A
only do what is promoted in the scriptures
14
Q
meaning of the priesthood of all believers?
A
every Christian is a priest and can have direct access to God without an additional authority
15
Q
when did the church change its position on indulgences and state that they could be bought on behalf of dead relatives?
A
1476
16
Q
Pope in 1517
A
Pope Leo X
17
Q
Why did Pope Leo X allow the selling of indulgences in Germany in 1517?
A
He wanted to build a new Basilica (to be called St Peter’s) in Rome. He agreed that the half of profits from the sales of the Indulgences could be used for this purpose. He had already issued the Indulgence in 1514, but in 1517, he permitted the Archbishop of Mainz to offer this in Saxony and Brandenburg.
18
Q
when and who was permitted to sell indulgences in Saxony and Brandenburg?
A
1517 - Archbishop of Mainz
19
Q
how was the Archbishop of Mainz involved in the indulgences controversy?
A
- paid Leo X for the right to the job as Archbishop -> very in debt
- agreed to have half of the profits
- permitted to sell indulgences in Saxony and Brandenburg in 1517
20
Q
How did the Archbishop’s instructions ( Instruction Summaria) push the teaching on indulgences to the limits?
A
The instructions said ‘it is not necessary for those who contribute to the fund to be truly sorry or to go to confession’.
21
Q
Who was Johann Tetzel?
A
A Dominican Friar, he was chosen to the lead the selling of the Indulgences.
22
Q
who led the selling of indulgences?
A
Johann Tetzel
23
Q
How was Tetzel involved in the Indulgences controversy?
A
- chosen to lead the selling of indulgences
- skilled at persuasive speaking + emotional blackmail
- used props an clever language to persuade the less educated that their relatives were suffering in purgatory and required rescuing
24
Q
Who was Frederick the Wise? How did his actions increase the purchase of Indulgences in neighbouring states?
A
He was the Elector of Saxony. He had a massive relic collection that people would pay to view as part of their penances. He saw the Indulgences as a threat to this so he banned people from buying them in his territory. This pushed them over the border to Tetzel and brought them to Luther’s attention.
25
why did Luther condemn the sale of indulgences?
- sinners could not purchase forgiveness through indulgences as forgiveness came from God as a result of true repentance + faith
- only God had the authority to grant forgiveness
- even if the Pope did have the authority, why did he charge money?
26
when did Luther make his 95 theses public? how?
October 31st 1517
nailing them to the door of the Church in Wittenberg
27
who did Luther immediately send a copy of the 95 Theses to?
Archbishop of Mainz
28
arguments for Luther initially intending to spark academic debate?
It was common in Wittenberg to post articles for discussion on the door of the Castle Church.
The 95 Theses were sent privately in a letter to the Archbishop of Mainz to make him aware that abuses were being carried out in his name.
The 95 Theses were originally produced in Latin not German.
Luther was not the person who translated the text into German. He later tried, unsuccessfully, to get the original copy back.
Luther later argued that matters were taken out of his hands.
Luther’s attack was stinging, but it was not new or radical.
Parts of the Theses were disorganised and not well thought through, as if Luther intended to develop them further at a later date.
Wittenberg did not have a Printing Press at this time. He would have had to have travelled to nearby Erfurt, if he wanted to make more than a few copies of the 95 theses; but he didn’t.
29
arguments for Luther intending more than just debate?
Luther was sending copies of the 95 Theses out to other people by 11th November 1517, fully aware that his ideas were going out into the public domain.
The language and tone of the Theses appear to have been styled in places to reach a popular audience. The text has the tone, in places, of a practical teaching document with instruction on the Word of God.
The timing of the Theses was deliberate. In the Catholic Church, the first two days of November marked a particular focus upon the dead and souls in Purgatory, so buying indulgences would be at its height at the end of October.
30
when did Luther start sending copies of the 95 theses to other people?
11th Nov 1517
31
what language were the 95 Theses originally produced in?
Latin
32
how was the timing of the 95 theses deliberate?
the first two days of November marked a particular focus upon the dead and souls in Purgatory, so buying indulgences would be at its height at the end of October.
33
why were large crowds expected in Wittenberg area?
Large crowds were expected in the Wittenburg area as many people would be going to view Frederick the Wise’s relic collection just over the border in Electoral Saxony. Indulgence selling was banned in electoral Saxony so it is likely that many would have hopped over the border to buy indulgences.
34
were was the nearest printing press to Luther in 1517?
Erfurt
35
how did the Germanic speaking peoples support Luther in 1517?
Saw this as another way to express their anti-Italian nationalism. Kaspar Nützel (a patrician from Nuremberg) translated the 95 Theses from Latin into German and it subsequently spread through the HRE and Switzerland.
36
who translated the 95 Theses?
Kaspar Nutzel
37
who attacked Luther in 1517?
Archbishop of Mainz, Leo X, Emperor Maximillian I, Sylvester Prierias, Cardinal Cajetan
38
who supported Luther in 1517?
germanic speaking peoples
Fred the Wise
Spalatin
Staupitz
39
How did the Archbishop of Mainz attack Luther in 1517?
Sent a file of Luther’s writings to Leo X in Rome.
40
how did Pope Leo X attack Luther in 1517?
Initially asked Staupitz to deal with Luther.
When this failed, he ordered Luther to Rome. Luther refused as he knew what had been done to Jan Hus.
41
why didn't Luther go to Rome in 1517?
- he knew what happened to Jan Hus
- supported by FTW
42
Who was burned at a stake as a heretic? when?
Jan Hus / 1415
43
how did Jan Hus criticize the church?
De Ecclesia – Denied the supremacy of the Pope, attacked the theology of the Catholic Church and said that the Holy Scriptures were the only source of truth, attacked corruption within the Catholic Church.
44
who criticised the corruption of the Church in praise of folly?
Erasmus
45
how did Erasmus challenge the church?
Criticised the corruption of the Catholic Church in In Praise of Folly, but wanted to remain Catholic and for the Church to be reformed from within.
Translated New Testament into Greek in 1516 and then Latin 1519, but never the vernacular.
Initially supported Luther but then decided he was too radical and criticised him.
46
why didn't Erasmus support Luther?
decided he was too radical and criticized him?
47
how did Emperor Maximillian I attack Luther in 1517?
Agreed that Luther could be summoned to Augsburg in 1518 and attended the Diet himself.
48
how did FTW support Luther in 1517?
Luther’s protector. Supported decision not to go to Rome.
When Luther was summoned to Augsburg he ensured that he had safe conduct.
49
how did Spalatin support Luther in 1517?
Helped to persuade Frederick the Wise to support Luther.
50
how did Staupitz support Luther in 1517?
Staupitz and the Augustinians refused to attack Luther for Leo X. They defended his actions. They even turned on Johannes Tetzel who as a Dominican was a rival to their order.
51
how did Sylvester Prierias attack Luther in 1517?
Asked by Leo X to prepare a case against Luther. Wrote the ‘Dialogue’ - said Pope was never wrong so indulgences could not be wrong because the Pope had given permission for them.
52
how did Cardinal Cajetan attack Luther in 1517/1518?
Sent to the Imperial Diet at Augsburg by Leo X in October 1518 as his representative. He was supposed to ensure Luther’s arrest.
53
In what year was the Augsburg disputation?
1518
54
Who was present at Augsburg 1518?
Luther, Leo X, Cardinal Cajetan, Maximillian
55
What was debated at Augsburg in 1518?
- Pope's authority over indulgences
- if church doctrine needed to be tested by reference to the scripture or if papal authority can be accepted without question
56
what was the result of Augsburg 1518 for Catholics?
did not get what they wanted
- Luther did not stop
- impossible to arrest Luther or take him out of the country
57
what was the result of Augsburg 1518 forLuther?
received public acclaim as the 'honest german'
58
who was present at Leipzig in 1519?
George of Saxony, Karlstadt and Luther, Johann Eck
59
When was the Leipzig disputation?
1519
60
when and where were the 2 disputations?
Augsburg 1518
Leipzig 1519
61
what was debated at Leipzig in 1519?
Luther's teachings regarding authority of the Pope, indulgences, sola fide and papal primacy
62
what was the result of Leipzig 1519 for catholics?
- able to excommunicate Luther
- papal bull was burnt - less support for Catholics
- successfully got Luther to confirm that he is a heretic
63
what was the result of Leipzig 1519 for Luther?
- condemned himself as a heretic
- outlined his beliefs in sola scriptura + sola fide
- showed that he agreed with Jan Hus
- excommunicated
- papal bull condemned his views as heretical but there was resistance in Germany
- still seen as the honest German
64
why didn't Maxmillian I step in to assist in 1517-1519?
currently emperor and too focused on making Charles emperor
65
why didn't Charles V step in to assist in 1517-1519?
not yet emperor / more concerned with Fuggers, finances and becoming emperor
66
why were Augsburg 1518 + Leipzig 1519 significant?
led to Luther being condemned as a heretic
67
who sent an aggressive report to Rom that led to Luther being excommunicated? after what event?
Johann Eck
Leipzig 1519
68
when was the exurge domine? what was it?
1520 / bull of excommunication
69
what was Luther's bull of excommunication called?
exsurge domine
70
describe the exsurge domine?
- papal bull excommunicating Luther in 1520
- condemned 41 of his views as heretical
- forbidden to read his works
- books were burned in public
71
how long was Luther given to recant in 1520? (exsurge domine)
60 days
72
what did Luther do instead of recanting in 1520?
- wrote a sarcastic parody of the exsurge domine
- prepared to resist
- attended a bonfire in Wittenberg and burnt a copy of the papal bull
73
what was the response to the exsurge domine in Leipzig?
the bull was ripped down in the night
74
what was the response to the exsurge domine in Wittenberg?
- students prepared a huge bonfire to burn copies of canon law, anti-Lutheran books and papal decrees
- Luther joined and burnt a copy of the bull
75
when was Luther's excommunication finalised?
January 1521
76
according to the Pope's representative how much support did Luther have in Germany by 1520/1521?
9 tenths shout Luther as their war cry
77
what were Luther's 1520 publications?
Address to Christian nobility of the German nation
The Babylonish captivity of the Church
The freedom of a Christian
78
what was Address to Christian nobility of the German nation? when was it written? what did it include? how did it criticise the church?
1520
- appealed German leaders to reform the Catholic Church
- attacks corruption of the church, dismisses power of the pope, disputes role of the priests, priesthood of all believers, priests should be able to marry
79
what was the The Babylonish captivity of the Church? when was it written? what did it include? how did it criticise the church?
1520
- no need for all 7 seven sacraments - whole system is a fraud - only baptism, eucharist and penance should be used (later dropped penance)
- argued for communion in both kinds
- rejected transubstantiation in favour of consubstantiation
- suggested the church was teaching false doctrine
80
what was The freedom of a Christian? when was it written? what did it include? how did it criticise the church?
1520
- freedom exists in submission to God's will - released from Church rituals
- sola fide
- church is teaching false doctrine that Christians need to do good works to be saved
81
what is a diet?
a meeting called by Charles V which acted as a hearing
82
when was the diet of worms?
1521
83
what was Charles' motive at the 1521 diet of worms?
- his own sense of fair play
- couldn't upset the German princes and electors / or public opinion
84
what image did Luther's supporters/friends give him in 1521 diet of worms?
humble monk from a poor background
85
what questions did the church ask at the diet of worms 1521?
- if the writings were really is
- if he was prepared to give up his views
86
how did Luther respond to the diet of worms 1521?
refused to give up his views
87
what was the outcome of the diet of worms 1521 and what was its significance?
- charles made it clear that there would be no compromise
- Luther declared an outlaw
- anyone who catches him will be rewarded
- next 34 years in the empire was an attempt to enforce the edict of worms
88
why wasn't Luther arrested immediately after Worms 1521?
he had a letter of safe conduct (schutzbrief)
89
what happened on the way back from the diet of worms 1521?
- FTW arranged for Luther to be kidnapped (he knew about this beforehand) and taken to the wartburg
90
benefits of Luther being kidnapped on the way back from the diet of worms 1521?
- guaranteed Luther's safety
- let him disappear from the scene for a while
- rumours of his death
- helped FTW not endanger himself because he could have been liable for protecting an outlaw
91
where was Luther taken in 1521?
the Wartburg
92
what was the significance of worms?
- put Luther in a new light
- condemned heretic around whom a popular movement was developing
93
what did the papal legate Alexander do in 1521?
- reported that a whole lot of Germany was in revolt and that nine out of ten people in Germany cry Luther and the rest death to the papal civil service
- ordered the burning of Luther's books in Colonge
94
what signs were there before Worms 1521 that Luther was becoming a popular figure?
- Papal legate Alexander reported that a whole lot of Germany was in revolt and that nine out of ten people in Germany cry Luther and the rest death to the papal civil service
- Leipzig - 1520 - the bull was ripped down in the night
- Wittenburg - 1520 - students prepared a huge bonfire to burn copies of canon law, anti-Lutheran books and papal decrees / Luther joined and burnt a copy of the bull
95
how did the diet of worms show that any compromise between Luther and the Catholic Church would be impossible? (5 ways)
- he massively insulted the catholic church + emperor
- his theology directly challenged core Catholic beliefs
- he was excommunicated
- he was inspiring other groups within the HRE to move against the Church
- he was repeatedly publishing material that undermined the authority of the CC
96
why was the diet of worms a significant turning point in Luther's career? (4 ways)
- gained the support of a prince
- he was apparently a national hero
- he now had the safety to write
- the event reaffirmed his faith - going in the right direction
97
3 reasons why Luther still had control of the reformation by the end of 1521?
- he publicly defended his theology at Augsburg and Leipzig
- the 1520 publications clearly stated Luther's beliefs
- he publicly defended his theology at Worms
98
3 reasons why Luther had lost control of the reformation by the end of 1521?
- 95 Theses were now in the public domain
- the printing press enabled rapid copying of Luther's ideas
- woodcuts produced images of Luther's theology - these were accessible to the illiterate or poorly educated as they were very cheap
