The spread of Lutheranism 1521-1530 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
10 causes of Lutheranism’s success
A
- attraction of Lutheranism
- absence of charles v + actions of ferdinand
- luther’s key helpers
- the princes
- luther’s response to early radical behaviour - karlstradt + ZP, knights war, peasants war
- printing + woodcuts
- luther’s writing and preaching
- luther’s theology vs more radical reformers
- urban reformation
- diet of augsburg
2
Q
why was Lutheranism attractive to the radical reforming groups?
A
- sola scriptura and sola fide criticised traditions that were not in the NT (indulgences, papacy, sacraments, transubstantiation)
- inspired those who wanted to take his reforming ideas further
3
Q
why were the townspeople attracted to Lutheranism?
A
- clerical privileges were highly resented
- sermons were of especially poor quality
- luther’s ideas put more money into the pockets of merchants + provided the literate with the freedom to read the word of God
4
Q
why were the peasants attracted to Lutheranism?
A
- Luther’s on christian liberity (1520) said that the christian man is the most free lord of all and subject to none
- With Luther as their national hero, peasants began to demand social reform
5
Q
why were the German nationalists attracted to Lutheranism?
A
Luther criticised the Papacy at a time when many Germans resented the Italian dominance of the Church.
6
Q
why were the princes of the HRE attracted to Lutheranism?
A
Luther’s break with Rome offered economic and political advantages to the princes as well as religious freedom.
7
Q
who was the president of the regency council?
A
Ferdinand
8
Q
for how long was Charles absent for? why? what did he set up in Germany to deal with issues?
A
1521-1529
War with the French
regency council
9
Q
why was the regency council weak?
A
- lacked resources + will to enforce the edict of worms
- Ferdinand couldn’t risk major civil unrest
10
Q
what impact did Charles’ absence and the weak regency council have on Lutheranism?
A
- too distracted to prevent the spread
- made it easier for princes to go against him
- unable to enforce catholicism
- Ferdinand continously gave into the princes
11
Q
how long did Luther stay in the Wartburg for?
A
10 months
12
Q
describe Luther in the Wartburg
A
- stayed for 10 months
- read, wrote and thought a lot
- able to provide pamphlets
- others began to take up his views and create change e.g Karlstadt supported clerical marriage + got rid of rituals in mass / nuns and monks were getting married
13
Q
what was Luther called whilst he was in the Wartburg?
A
Junker Jorg (Knight George)
14
Q
actions of Andreas Karlstadt in 1521/1522
A
- encouraged a frenzy of iconoclasm
- married a 15 year old
- supports clerical marriage
15
Q
what group of Christians were influenced to preach by Wittenberg in 1521/1522? what were their key ideas?
A
- Zwickau prophets
- no real presence
- infant baptism is wrong
16
Q
who did Luther marry and when? how were they previously connected?
A
- Catherine von Bora
- 1525
- he helped her flee from her convent in 1522
17
Q
why did Luther return to Wittenberg in 1522?
A
- changes that were being carried out in his name were getting out of control
- needed to clarify his views
18
Q
when did Luther publish the German Mass?
A
1526
19
Q
when did Luther publish the great and small catechism?
A
1529
20
Q
who were luther’s 6 main helpers 1522-1530?
A
- FTW
- Karlstadt
- Philip Melanchthon
- Catherine von Bora
- Philip, Landgrave of Hesse
- John, Frederick of Saxony
21
Q
why did FTW chose to support Luther?
A
- protecting his university and his monk
- sense of nationalism, anti-Italian feeling and anti-papal attitude due to high ecclesiastical taxation
- trying to annoy his brother
- rivalry with the noble family of the archbishop of Mainz
22
Q
how did FTW help Luther?
A
- gave him part o the Augustinian monastery at Wittenberg as his home
- continued to act as a powerful buffer to protect him from arrest and attack
- led to interest from other princes such as Philip of Hesse + John Frederick of Saxony
23
Q
why did Karlstadt support Luther?
A
- believed that it was his mission to interpret Luther’s views
- a friend of Luther
24
Q
Why did Philip Melanchthon choose to support Luther? How did he support him?
A
- Luther converted him in 1518
- Luther’s chief lieutenant and disciple
- conciliatory force
- attended all great occasions between 1518 and 1521
- wrote the first biography of Luther
- attempted to heal the schism
- 1521 - brought Luther’s scattered writings together into a clear statement of doctrine - Loci Communes
- attempted to heal the schism
25
When was Philip Melanchthon converted?
1518
26
what was the loci communes? when was it written? who by?
Luther's scattered theological writings brought together into a clear statement
1521
Philip Melanchthon
27
How did Catherine von Bora help Luther?
Domestic support -> helped to have a comfortable home life with meals and visitors
demonstrated that clerical marriage was okay
28
how did Philip of Hesse help Luther?
- at Marburg, he built the first Lutheran university
- built hospitals and schools
- arranged the Colloquy of Marburg in 1529
- signed the protest at the diet of Speyer
- tried to prevent splits in the Protestant movement
- organised the Schmalkadic league in 1531
29
how did Philip of Hesse weaken Lutheranism?
bigamy
defeat a Mulhberg
30
when did FTW die?
1525
31
who was the new elector of saxony after FTW?
John Frederick
32
how did John Frederick of Saxony support Luther?
- converted to Lutheranism in 1525
- alliance of Hesse and Saxony became the main support of the Lutheran movement
33
Why would Lutheranism be an attractive opportunity for a Prince who was not genuinely religiously attracted to Lutheranism?
- strong tradition of anti-clericalism + strong dislike of the pope
- princes could secularise land owned by the church for their own purposes
- papal taxation could be diverted to the use of the prince in his loal area
- removal of Chuch authority -> increase power of the ruler -> can appoint their own bishops and collect Church revenues
- Luther's 1520 writings suggested that the princes ought to be in charge of organising and maintaining order
- can obtain freedom from Charles
34
what % of land in Germany was owned by the Church?
30%
35
which Princes supported Luther between 1517 and 1521?
Only Frederick the Wise, the Elector of Saxony
36
why did so few Princes support Luther in the period 1517 – 1521?
- radical -> denounced as a heretic + excommunicated
- success was not yet guaranteed - high risk
- some of Luther's writings about the priesthood of all believers (especially in freedom of a christian) seemed to support the idea that everyone was equal in the eyes of God
37
What changed the attitudes of some of the Princes after 1521?
Luther’s treatment of radicals such as Andreas Karlstadt and the Zwickau prophets in Wittenberg.
Luther’s response to the Knight’s War of 1522-23
Luther’s response to the Peasants’ Revolt of 1524-1525
38
how did Luther's treatment of radicals such as Karlstadt and the Zwickau prophets in Wittenberg change the attitudes of the princes?
- made his own reforming ideas appear to be less dangerous to any prince who was attracted to Lutheranism
39
when was Luther first offered the support of the imperial knights? how did he respond? why?
1522
turned them down - already had FTW's support and was quite pacifist
40
2 leaders of the Knights War of 1522-1523
Ulrich von Hutten
Franz von Sickingen
41
when was the knights war?
1522-1523
42
what were the aims/motives of the knights war 1522-1523?
- raise a military unit and fight against Charles V + the Church in Luther's name
- restore the prestige of their own noble families
43
which area was attacked in the knight's war? when was it seized?
Trier
1523
44
who stopped the knight's war?
German princes including Philip of Hesse, Louis of Palatine and Richard of Trier
45
how did Luther respond to the Knights war of 1522-1523?
Luther denounced the behaviour of the Imperial Knights
46
why was Luther still linked to Ulrich von Hutten after the Knights War?
can be seen in the woodcut, where the two are show fighting on behalf of the German people.
47
how did Luther's response to the knights war influence the attitude of the princes?
Luther’s refusal to work with the Imperial Knights gained him credit with the Princes for not being a political revolutionary, but they were still cautious of his association with von Hutten.
48
what was a similar movement to the peasants revolt?
the bundschuh movement
49
when was the peasants revolt?
1524-1525
50
what caused the Peasants Revolt?
- long serious of outbreaks of violence since 1450 e.g Bundschuh movement
- bad harvests/famines 1500-1524 led to discontent
- german landlords were restricting peasant freedom of movement + peasants not allowed to seek food in the lord's forests + increased about of work peasants were required to do
- rapid population growth -> not enough land to feed everyone
- heavier taxes were imposed
- many were still serfs with limited freedom and status
- got carried away with Luther's priesthood of all believers and thought he meant that they should all revolt to bring their freedom
51
which of Luther's ideas did the peasants misinterpret?
priesthood of all believers/ everyone is equal in the eyes of God
52
what did the peasants do in the peasants revolt?
- revolted and attacked
- 52 monasteries + convents, 270 castles and many churches were attacked
- produced 3 documents (12 articles of Memmingen, articles of Brigach Valley, Tyrolean Constitution) demanding social equality, economic demands and religious changes
53
how did the peasants revolt end in 1524-1525?
- too disorganised and lacked unity
- defeated by princes (Philip of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony)
54
who defeated the peasants revolt? (2)
Philip of Hesse and Duke George of Saxony
55
what as the most famous battle of the peasants revolt? what happened? when was it?
Frankenhausen in May 1525, where the radical preacher Thomas Muntzer and his supported were annihilated by Duke George of Saxony
56
when was the Battle at Frankenhausen? what movement was this part of? key person here?
1525
Peasants revolt
Thomas Muntzer
57
at which battle was Thomas Muntzer annihilated at?
Frankenhausen 1525
58
what was Luther's original response to the peasants revolt called? what was its aim? when was it written?
Admonition to Peace
- inspire calm amongst rebels and stop the revolt
- 1525
59
what was Luther's second response to the peasants revolt called? when was it written? what did it encourage?
- Against the Thieving, Murdering Hordes of Peasants.
- 1525
- called on the Princes to crush the rebellion and show no mercy to the Peasants.
60
how did Luther's response to the Peasants revolt influence the attitude of the princes?
Luther’s actions proved, in the eyes of the Princes that Luther did not wish to inspire social and political chaos that would disrupt their lives and therefore made him a more attractive symbol of religious reform or a tempting proposition to use against Charles V and even the Catholic Church.
61
after what event did Lutheranism become a movement that was more controlled by princely authority and moved from being a popular movement to something that became intrinsically linked with the politics of the HRE?
peasants revolt
62
3 princes who were supporters of Luther after 1521?
Philip of Hesse / John Frederick of Saxony / Duke Albert of Hohenzollern
63
who built a Lutheran university in Marburg?
Philip of Hesse
64
when did John Frederick of Saxony convert to Lutheranism?
1525
65
when did John Frederick of Saxony convert Saxony to Lutheranism?
1527
66
when did Duke Albert of Hohenzollern convert to Lutheranism and make his people in his lands in Prussia do the same?
1525
67
68
why did the Catholic princes have to enforce the edict at their own cost?
no support was offered to them by ferdinand
69
between 1521 and 1524 how many diets were held at Nuremberg?
3
70
what happened at the 1522 diet of Nuremberg?
- Charles + papal representative ask princes to enforce edict of worms + arrest Lutheran preachers
- princes refuse partially because they are anti papal
71
what happened at the 1524 diet of Nuremberg?
- princes ask for military and financial support from Ferdinand and to enforce the edict of worms, arrest Lutheran preachers and crush heretics
- lost regency council
- said they would only enforce the edict of worms if (Pope reformed the Church, money was not taken out of Germany and given to the CC, German national council established to settle problems of the church)
- all rejected by Pope Clement VII
72
when was the meeting at regensburg?
1524
73
where did Pope Clement VII + catholic princes hold a meeting in 1524?
Regensburg
74
explain what happened at Regensburg in 1524?
- Pope Clement VII + Catholic princes (especially duke John and William of Bavaria and Ferdinand)
- Clement offered reform of abuses + financial bonuses (1/5 of the revenue from Churches on their lands) if they would support the Catholic Church and enforce the edict of Worms
- many agreed
75
example of someone who attended the meeting at Regensburg in 1524?
Dukes John and William of Bavaria
76
what 2 leagues were formed after the meeting at Regensburg?
League of Dessau and Torgau
77
when did the Catholic princes form a league? what was it called? who was involved?
- 1524
- League of Dessau
- Duke George of Saxony
- Elector Joachim I Nestor of Brandenberg
- Archbishop Albert of Mainz and Magdeburg
- Duke Eric I of Brunswick-Calenberg-Gottingen
- Duke Henry II of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel
- supported by Southern German bishops
78
when was the League of Torgau formed? who was involved?
1526
Lutheran princes
- Philip of Hesse
- John of Saxony
- Albert the margrave of Brandenburg
- Prince Wolfgang of Anhalt
- Count Albert of Mansfield
- Dukes of Grubenhagen and Celle
79
when was the first diet of speyer?
1526
80
what led to Charles falling out with Pope Clement VII in 1526?
- Pope released King Francis I of France from hard conditions of peace imposed after his defeat at Pavia in 1525
- Pope placed himself at the head of a Franco-Italian alliance
81
what did Charles want the diet of speyer 1526's outcomes to be?
- edict of worms be carried out
- Hersey and rebellion be put down
- final decisions on religion be postponed until the meeting of a general council
82
what conclusion was made at the diet of speyer 1526
- temporary suspension of the edict of worms until the meeting of a general council
83
how did the temporary suspension of the edict of worms at the diet of speyer in 1526 help protestants?
- prot princes interpreted it according to their own wishes e.g Philip of Hesse at the Synod of Homberg + John of Saxony
- Luther understood it to have given him temporary reprieve on the charge of heresy
- Lutheran beliefs had 3 years in which they continued to spread
- lac of centralised imperial control meant that there was no force able to stop the Lutherans
84
give an example of Protestant princes who interpreted the decree after the 1526 diet of speyer according to their own wishes
- Philip of Hesse at the Synod of Rome
- John of Saxony
85
why was Charles in a stronger position between 1526 and 1529?
- 1527 Sack of Rome frightened the papacy out of their French alliance and back into a better relationship with the HRE
- Peace had been agreed with the French + Ottomans
- Ferdinand crowned King of Hungary
- some Catholic princes were alarmed by the spread of Lutheranism in Northern Germany and were prepared to support Charles
86
what event frightened the papacy out of their French alliance and back into a better relationship with the HRE?
Sack of Rome 1527
87
when was the 2nd diet of speyer?
1529
88
what was the purpose of the 2nd diet of speyer?
- coordinate the response of the German princes + other leaders of the HRE against the threat of the Turks and address the issue of division in the empire brought about by the ideas of Martin Luther
89
who was sent to deputise the 2nd diet of speyer
Ferdinand
90
what was Charles/Ferdinand's request at the 2nd diet of speyer 1529?
- All HRE states would tolerate Catholicism
- Lutheranism would only be tolerated in the states which had done so
- any further attempt to institute Lutheranism would be prohibited
91
what was Charles' request a the 2nd diet of speyer seen as?
an act of aggression
92
how did the protestants respond to Charles/Ferdinand's request at the 2nd diet of speyer?
John of Saxony read a declaration to the diet "Protesting" at the decision - they answered to God only
93
who read the declaration to the diet of speyer 1529 "Protesting"
John of Saxony
94
Name 3 people who signed the declaration to the diet of speyer 1529
ohn, Elector of Saxony, Philip Landgrave of Hesse; George Margrave of Brandenburg; Ernest and Francis Dukes of Luneburg; and the Count of Anhalt. Joined with the Princes were several of the chief cities including Strasbourg, Nuremburg, Ulm, Constance, Rentlingen, Windsheim, Lindau, Kempten, Memmingen, Nordlingen, Heilbronn, Isny, St Gall, and Weissenburg
95
at what point were the Lutherans + seekers of reform called Protestants, had a sense of unity + cohesion?
2nd Diet of Speyer 1529
96
who arranged the Marburg Colloquy?
Philip of Hesse
97
what was the aim of the Marburg colloquy? was it successful?
enabled European reformers to find common ground in their religious belief
Although the group could not find unity, Luther and his supporter Philip Melanchthon proved to be very popular with the majority of Princes because their views were clear but moderate.
98
who was invited to the Marburg colloquy?
European reformers- Luther, Philip Melanchthon, Zwingli, Bucer and Oecolampadius
99
was 1530 a good year for Charles' relationship with the princes?
no
100
when was Charles crowned?
1520
101
who attended the 1530 Diet o Augsburg?
Charles
Catholic theologians
Protestant theologians (not Luther)
102
when was the diet of Augsburg
1530
103
what were charles' aims at the 1530 diet of augsburg
- gain unity in the german church
- gain approval of his nomination of Ferdinand as king of the Romans
- enlist aid from princes against Ottoman turks
104
when was the confession of Augsburg?
1530
105
what followed the 1530 diet of augsburg?
the augsburg confession
106
who drafted the confession of Augsburg?
Melanchthon
107
give 3 examples of people of who signed the confession of Augsburg?
Signed by Philip Melanchthon, John the Constant, Elector of Saxony, John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, Wolfgang of Anhalt, Reichsstadt Nuremberg,George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Ernest the Confessor, Duke of Brunswich and Lundburg, Reichsstadt Reutlingen, The preacher Matthäus Alber.
108
what was the augsburg confession an attempt to do
he Augsburg Confession was an attempt to reassure the Catholic powers that the movement was not heretical, not radical and actually not very different from Catholicism.
But it was also a clear statement that a strong group of Princes were not prepared to give in to their emperor on matters of faith.
109
what was Charles' response to the confession of Augsburg called?
the confutation
110
when was the confutation?
1530
111
what was the confutation? when was it?
1530 - Charles' response to the confession of Augsburg drafted by Johann Eck which made it clear that there were too many theological differences e.g sola fide, papal supremacy
112
who drafted the confutation?
Johann Eck
113
what point did the confutation make?
there were too many theological differences,
especially Sola Fidei and Papal Supremacy.
114
when did the Lutheran princes attempt to send a response to the confutation? what happened?
1530 - it was refused
115
until when did the Diet of Augsburg give the princes to return to Catholicism or face armed and legal measures?
1532
116
what was the Lutheran princes' military alliance called?
the Schmalkaldic League
117
how many books were there in Europe before Gutenberg?
less than 30,000
118
119
by 1600, how many books were there?
150-200 million
120
by 1500, how many printing shops were in Europe?
1,000
121
did Luther use Latin in his street orations?
no - he used the vernacular
122
between 1518-1520, how many printed copies of his tracts was Luther able to distribute?
300,000
123
how often did Luther produce publications
every year
124
which of Luther's theses appears to be aimed at the common man? what does this suggest?
theses 86 - criticises the Pope using the people's wealth instead of his own to build St Peter's basilica
Luther was aware that they may be circulated into German
125
who/what did Luther criticise in The Bondage of the Will?
Erasmus
Anyone who argued that humans had free will
126
how many sermons did Luther publish?
3,000
127
reasons why Luther's writings were more important than his preaching?
- 95 Theses brought him immediate attention
- 1520 publications
- 1525 - against the murdering hoardes of peasants
- woodcuts
- Luther's writings on the small and large catechism - reinforced teachings on doctrinal issues and prevented a similar situation to Wittenberg in 1522
- sermons could be turned into books
- Luther - over 3,000 sermons published
- role of Lutheran pamphlets
128
reasons why preaching was more important than writings
- more success with the illiterate and large groups
- informal - novel value
- suited to the less well educated - simple, repetitive, summaries
- bridged the gap between the town and country / literate and illiterate
- luther saw preaching as his most important task
- Luther returned to Wittenberg and clarified his views in the 'Invocavit sermons' - 8 sermons
- Luther portrayed himself as an ordinary person
- Preachers took copies of his sermons and spread their message far across the HRE - could travel without fear unlike Luther
129
give examples of Lutheran preachers who spread his sermons
Johannes von Staupitz
Geiler von Kaiserberg
130
what % of those in towns could read?
5-10%
131
132
how many imperial citie swere there? how many of these turned to protestantism at somepoint?
65 -> 51
133
in which city did 87% of all votes go towards Luther?
Ulm
134
give an example of cities having sermon addiction?
Wurrtenberg - 31% of towns endowed preacherships to satify public demand
135
give an example of somewhere that banned Catholicism
Nuremberg 1525
136
