Charles essay plan flashcards
(12 cards)
1
Q
role of poor relationship w/ parliament in the establishment of PR in 1629
desire for financial indipendence was most important for PR in 1929?
A
- 1625 secret marriage to HM - parliament immidiatly offput by his marriage and challenged his divine right
- 1626-28 - right to choose buckingham as his advisor was challenged by parliament with 1628 petition of right + 1626 parliaments impeachment proceedings against him
- 1626 removal of MPs such as wentworth to the shires
- 1629 parliaments behaviour about the death of buckingham decided the timing of personal rule
2
Q
role of charles desire for financial indipendence in the establishment of PR in 1629
desire for financial indipendence was the most important for PR in 1629?
A
- forced loan in 1627 - succesfully gained financial indipendence and then 5 knights case shows willingness to defent this
- 1625 tonnage and poundage - parlaiments refusal to grant it was humilliating, and his continuation in collecting it demonstrates the importance of financial indipendence to him and disolution of parl after 1629 protestation
- the fact that parliament never trusted him financially (no tonnage and poundage, just 2 subsidies for war with france and spain) meant that charles needed financial indipendence to embark on his own policy
3
Q
role of charles plan for government in the begining of PR in 1629
desire for financial indipendence was the most important for PR in 1629?
A
- FP - Mansfield, Cadiz and la rochelle were hampered by issues around lack of funding and infrastrucutre - and billeting of soldiers demonstrates knowledge that C would have been better under PR
- religion - appointment of Montague as royal chaplin and Laud perhaps for increased monarch control - not popular with people or parliament as shown by 1629 three resolutions ( highlighted fears of arminianism)
- levying of ship tax - searching for ways to improve strucutre
- clear that charles desired an active FP and realised that this would not be possible with parliament - however financial indipendence also needed
4
Q
how succesful was PR financial policy
how succesful was personal rule?
A
goal - improve crown revenue, make localities pay their way
- ship tax - 98% revenue collected at peak, just 80% at worst pre bishops war disruption in 1638 - 1637 ship money trial although in charles favour does indicate some opposition
- forest fines + distraint of nighthood - succesfull tax on the rich who were not paying enough due to lack of reform
- Ireland - strafford raised incomes and forced irish parliament to vote 6 subsidies in 1634, fenland drainage 1630 12 to 60 k acres of crown land
- extremely succesful in the short term, however created a group of opposition in the long term
5
Q
how succesful was PR - thorough?
how succesful was the PR?
A
goal - to centralise administration + government control, increase security and protection
- book of orders 1631, irish council and council of the north – just 1/10 of JPs cooperated with book of orders and lack of long term affect of councils – however opposition was to methods of achieving it rather than the principal itself
- limited success but not an immidiate total failure - exact militia order did lead to the creation of a standing army, but the methods of imposing thorough and its lack of adherence led to long term opposition to PR
6
Q
how succesful was PR religious policy?
how succesful was PR?
A
goal - impose arminianism across the 3 kingdoms and centralise religious control through religious uniformity + gain back lost crown lands
- laudianism in england met with outward conformity - by 1640 2/3 of alters had been moved to the east, limited resistance is more such as in somerset was more focused on expense rather than principal of PR + strafford succeded in imposing 39 articles in ireland
- crown lands returned from largest land owners eg earl of cork
- substancial resistance to laudianism in scotland - 60% presbyterian population with an experienced army (1638 covenant and bishops wars in october and april) - led to end of PR + also aided and supprted by english puritain network
- therefore succes in england and ireland but not scotland (due to need to impose thorough across all 3 nations)
7
Q
role of charles in the outbreak of war in 1642
attitude of charles was most important for war?
A
- hardened resistance of putirain network and scottish associates but not the most important factor
- laudian reforms - dissolution of the Feoffes for impropriations 1633, the 1637 trial of Prynn, Bastwick and Burton
- opposition to ship tax shown in trial at 1637 - demonstrates opposition to the principal of PR
- 1642 attempt on the 5 members - compounded with the 2 army plots of 1641 and the incident 1641–> although charles’ attitude did encroach on parlimentary privealge, this was merely confirmation of their already established hatred for him
- also charles conceded to long parliament - 1641 triennial act, ship money act, tonnage and poundage act, bill of attainer (strafford)
8
Q
role of puritain network// parliament in the outbreak of civil war 1642
the attitude was most important in war?
A
- most important factor but further radicalised by Laudian policies in PR - connived war
- 1641 grand remonstrance - passed by just 11 votes and 200 MPs abstained - created the division necessary for a civil war
- militia ordinance 1642 - proactive use of panic from attempt on 5 members and irish revolt 1641/2 and demonstrative of their lack of desire for resolution
- 19 propositions 1642 - harsh terms, unreasonable and intended to attack RP - provocation
9
Q
role of the three kingdoms in the outbreak of war in 1642
the attitude of charles was the most important in war?
A
- events in scotland and ireland impacted events on elgnand - created conditions for a civil war – forced opening of a long parliament giving Pym a platform to distroy faith in charles + irish revolt transformed political landscape giving momentum to radical sects against charles (division)
- covenant 1638 - illustrates popularity of presbyterian movement (60% signed it compared to lack of support for PN in england) - galvanised support needed against charles
- bishops wars - forced opening of LP as puritain network ensured that yorkshire army woulndt fight for charles
- irish revolt 1641 - at this point charles had conceded to moderate MPs with triennial act, irish revolt enabled Pym and PN to gain momentum again (which they were lacking as shown by divisiveness of remonstrance + root and branch petition)
10
Q
role of resourcing issues in why charles lost the CW
assess the reasons why charles lost the CW
A
- controll of london - tax base of 400,000 and 70% of parliaments revenue came from London + also voted highest assesment tax due to local support for parliament
- even though charles had immidiate access to gold and cash (given by unis and nobles) it was not renewable source - initially better resources, but once parliament passed 5 ordinances on food their income was sustainable and consistant
- charles lack of controll of ports - initially not an issue due to his use of pirates to get resources, but again limited once parliament figured this out
- charles initially opened mines but parliament stopped this - no access to armouries so could not provide for his army in the long term
- initially charles had an advantage with resources so had it been a shorter war he could have won , but parliament worked to create long term resource sollutions –> indicates that strategic issues are also important
11
Q
role of stratigic errors as to why charles lost CW
assess the reasons for why charls lost CW
A
- failure to take london in 1642 turnham green, choosing to besiege glouscter 1643 despite the fact that London had gotten sick of parl (boroughts 5:1 in favour of charles)
- cessation treaty 1644 - irish troops were slow and only 2000/20,000 VS parliaments 1644 solemn league and covenant which meant they gained 20,000 trained soldiers and won at marston moor
- parliament at Oxford - no authority to issue taxes or laws outside of immidiate area VS westminder parliament cajolled by Pym to fund war with 5 ordinances and covenant to create a stronger side
- strategic errors important - they fed into his lack of resources particularlt the failure to take london and enabled the PN to gain a strong side
12
Q
role of leadership in why charles lost CW
assess the reason why charles lost CW
A
- charles subject to informal influences such as Rupert - failure to take london in 1643 dispite oppertunity
- however rupers experience in the 30 year war was initially an asset (swedish cavelry charge) but parliament soon adapted and this advantage was lost
- in 1st half of war parl also suffered from poor leadership - earls of essex and manchester were failing in 1642 however by 1643 younger radicals eg Cromwell lead to self denying ordinance 1645 –> formation and restrucutre of army into NMA VS charles failure to restrucutre his leadership or training process
- since these issues plagued both sides throughout the first 18 months - finance and stratagy more important, however leadership ultimatly important in giving the war a decisive ending
