Charles Personal Rule- Bishops Wars

Question 1

How did James rule his 3 kingdoms

Answer 1

Separately (England Ireland Scotland)

They had separate laws, customs and religions .

Question 2

How did James attempt to unify eng and Scotland

Answer 2

Attempted to unify

Both parliaments appointed commissioners to discuss formal union

This failed over divisions between them in relative power, trade and the legal system

Question 3

During James rule, what was Scotland like

Answer 3

Equal a monarchy

Smaller weaker neighbour to eng

Pop of 1 mill and relatively undeveloped economy

Scot was divided into lowland and highland; geographical, political, cultural, linguistic divide

The lowlands were Anglo centric, englush dpeaking and Presbyterians

The highlands were independent, spoke Gaelic and were a mixture of Presbyterians and Catholics

Question 4

Religion in Scotland during James rule- 1st attempt

Answer 4

Mary Queen of Scots abdicated 1567- a Presbyterian Church had been established in Scotland

James attempted to reintroduce bishops into Scotland but in practice they were largely ignored by many Presbyterian communities and the church

Question 5

Religion in Scotland during James rule- 1618?

Answer 5

In 1618- he forced the 5 articles of Perth thru the Scottish General Assembly and parliament

5 articles
1)the sacrament of the body and blood of Christ should be received kneeling

2) it might be administered to the sick
3) when infants could not be baptised in church, they can be at home
4) children, 8, and after being instructed in the Lords Prayer, creed, Ten Commandments and catechism, should be brought to the bishop on visitation, to be examined in religious knowledge and receive his blessing
5) the days commemorative of Christ’s birth, passion, resurrection, ascension and the sending down on the Holy Ghost should be kept in devout observance

Question 6

When was the 5 articles of Perth forced

Answer 6

1618

Question 7

What happened after the 5 articles of Perth were introduced

Answer 7

Seen as an attempt to introduce Anglicanism (in not Catholicism) into Scotland

Met intense opp

James backtracked and while they were not repealed , they were not strictly enforced either

Question 8

When did Charles and laud tried to separate churches of eng and Scot together

Answer 8

1637

Question 9

How did laud and Charles try to bring separate churches of Scotland and eng together

Answer 9

Introduced a new book of canons to replace John Knox book of discipline as the authority for the org of the Kirk - 1633

Introduced a modified form of the book of commo prayer into Scotland
This was written by Scottish bishops but was heavily influenced by laud -1635

Question 10

What straight opposition was there fo Charles reform of the Church of Scotland

Answer 10

There was consultation in Scottish Parliament of in the assembly of the Kirk - Scots outraged

Wanted to keep their religion etc

A movement against laudian reform across Scotland headed by Presbyterian noble men and radical clergymen

In Edinborough riots broke out when the new prayer book was read

1639- National convenient - protest 300,000 sig

Question 11

Explain the National covenant

Answer 11

Protest
300,000 signatures

Protest turned into campaign of petitions and supplicants denouncing laudian prayer book and criticising the power of bishops

LEd by the lord, loudoun, rothes, balmerino, and Lindsay,
the supplicants org four elected ‘tables’ or committees to represent nobility, gentry, burgesses (townpeople), clergy and w a 5th table as an executive body

Clergyman-Henderson and lawyer- Johnston of Wariston were given task of drawing up a national convening to unite supplicants and clarify aims

Covenant called for attachment commitment to doctrines already enshrined by Acts of Parliament and for a rejection on untried ‘innovations’ in religion

Emphasised loyalty to king but implied no toleration towards Roman Catholicism

Question 12

When/where was there a proclamation to summon a general assembly (the Glasgow assembly)

Answer 12

Sept 22 1638

Edinburgh

Question 13

When and where did the Glasgow assembly meet

Answer 13

Glasgow cathedral

21 Nov 1638

Question 14

Outcome of Glasgow assembly before dissolution

Answer 14

Covenanters dominated proceedings

Biter convo

Lord rothers and loudoun over the election, membership and power of the Assembly, the Marquis of Hamilton declared its dissolution on 28 Nov

Question 15

When was the dissolution of the Glasgow assembly

Answer 15

28 Nov 1638

Question 16

What happened after the dissolution of the assembly

Answer 16

The assembly continued to sit in defiance of Hamilton who called a meeting of the privy council and issued a proclamation confirming and justifying his actions

The powerful Earl of Argyll remained at the assembly, indicating his own support for the Covenanters for the first time

Hamilton left to consult the king , 7 other privy councillors followed Argyll and issued declarations of support for the Covenanters

Question 17

What happened to the Glasgow assembly after Hamilton left

Answer 17

No representatives of the king present
Assembly nullified all acts and pronouncement of general assemblies held between 1606-18 as they had been dominated by the kings and bishops

Lauds prayer book and new book of canons were condemned as unlawful having not been sanctioned by the church

8 Dec- assembly voted to abolish episcopal from the Scottish church and declare it unlawful

2 days later the ‘popish’ 5 articles of Perth which were accepted by the general assembly before- were also abolished

All Scottish bishops were deposed and excommunicated

Question 18

5 reasons why Charles lost the first bishops war

Answer 18

English military system

Nature of English local gov

Unpopularity of war

Kings political blunders

Absence of parliament

Question 19

How did the English military system lead to Charles losing the first bishops war

Answer 19

Early 17th century Eng- caught in transition from medieval private armies to moderate public armies

The old feudal system no longer existed but it had not yet been replaced w a progressional standing army paid for by taxation

The ‘English army’ was out together from the country millitias, poorly trained and equipped, uncommitted to any national cause

There was also the usual problem of desertion made worse by lack of pay

Question 20

How did the English local gov lead to Charles losing the first bishops war

Answer 20

Gov ‘of the county, by the county, for the county’ was not a system likely to produce an efficient, well trained army during an unpopular war

Unpaid local officials trying to raise troops and money faced the wrath of friends and neighbours who would rather make war on Spanish then Scottish

Counties were reluctant to part w weapons they owned privately and intended for local defence

Question 21

How did the unpopularity of the war lead to the failure of the first bishops war for Charles

Answer 21

Leading puritans such as Lord sage and sele and Lord Brooke we’re not the only people who believed the Scottish cause was just

Throughout the country, there were people who had NO desire to fight Scot- godly country defending itself against policies that were unpopular in eng

Question 22

How did the king’s political blunders lead to Charles losing the first bishops war

Answer 22

Charles miscalculated

He tried to frighten the Scots into submission by leaving his intentions of raising foreign Catholic troops from Ireland and Spain to fight o his side

Prospect of invasion of Catholics fuelled Scots anger

He reinforced this threat in 1639 as he allowed a Spanish Army to march from port to port across southern England to avoid Dutch fleet

His belief that a royalist part in Scot would assert itself when he approached proved unfounded

Question 23

How did the absence of parliament lead to Charles losing the first bishops war

Answer 23

No English king in recent times won w our parliament

Charles had to finance w our parliament -

Ship money were dwindling away

Charles failed a creeping paralysis of local doc brought on by his failure to communicate w the kingdom thru regular parliaments

Question 24

What is the pacification of Berwick

Answer 24

Charles was forced to sign this in 1639, after he lost the firsst bishops war ,

It accepts Presbyterian demands

Question 25

Why did Charles recall Strafford from Ireland in sept 1639

Answer 25

To help him deal with Scottish Covenanters

Question 26

When did Charles recall Strafford from Ireland to help him deal w the Scottish Covenanters

Answer 26

Sept 1639

Question 27

What advice did Strafford give Charles in Sept 1639

Answer 27

Call parliament He and Strafford hoped they could obtain an anti Scottish patriotic feeling - miscalculated Strafford thought MPs could be won over by bribes threats and speeches

Question 28

Why did Charles recall parliament in April 1640 (9)

Answer 28

Decision to introduce Scottish prayer book Poor state of English military Charles reaction against covenant and Glasgow assembly Urgent needs for funds to raise another army Nature of English local gov Failure to reform kings finances during personal rule Unpop of bishops war Charles over confidence Advice of Strafford and privy council

Question 29

When was short parliament

Answer 29

April 1640

Question 30

Why was short parliament short (4)

Answer 30

King Godly MPs Scots Moderate MPs

Question 31

How did the king make short parliament short

Answer 31

Charles probably didn’t expect short parliament to succeed None of his previous parliaments had been a success By April 1940- the country has gone 11 years w our parliament —> so he must have realised that the House of Commons would want its grievances addressed before voting taxes If parliament failed yet again to co-operate, the king would feel justified in resorting to prerogative taxation, as in 1627

Question 32

How did Godly MPs make short parliament short

Answer 32

Hard to believe the ‘godly party’ wanted parliament to succeed ‘Success’ would inv granting the king subsidies with which to fight another war w Scots Even if the king made some concessions, it’s hard to see how the godly party would benefit from the defeat of the Covenanters The godly MPs wanted this parliament wanted this parliament to fail w out taking blame for its failure

Question 33

How did the Scots make short parliament short

Answer 33

Scots didn’t want parliament to succeed since ‘success’ would result in king raising money for war On the other hand- Covenanters must have known only English parliament could limit king’s power enough to protect Scotland from Catholicism The Scots did not want this parliament to reach an agreement w the king

Question 34

How did moderate MPs make short parliament short

Answer 34

Most MPs wanted parliament to succeed They believed passionately in the ideal of king and parliament working harmoniously together to ‘heal the nation’s wounds’ However the war w Scotland was v unpopular Could king and parliament be reconciled

Question 35

When did the convocation of the Church of England meet and where Elaborate

Answer 35

London w authority of the king After short parliament - 1640 Traditionally convocation only sat while parliament was in session but after short parliament, king allowed it to sit in order to complete work Which inc granting of subsidies to king

Question 36

What did the convocation of the English church introduce

Answer 36

17 new canons inc and affirmation of the doctrine of the divine right of Kings This shifted the ideology of salvation from holy scriptures towards bishops Canons inc introduction of oath to be taken by all members of the learned professions who were to swear never wittingly to overturn establish church Doctrine -THIS BECAME KNOWN AS THE ETCETERA OATH

Question 37

Why did king dissolve short parliament

Answer 37

King demanded that parliament vote taxes before he would consider grievances The commons was led by Pym and Hampden who were determined to call the gov To acc for the personal rule Strafford delayed in Ireland by illnes When parliament turned its attention to religion- Charles dissolved it

Question 38

What were Puritan reactions to what the convocation of the Church of England did

Answer 38

Furious Attacked canons of 1640 as unconstitutional - claiming that The convocation was no longer legally in session after parliament was dissolved Campaign to enforce the etcetera pay met to firm Puritan resistance

Question 39

How much soldiers did Charles attempt to raise to send to the north to invade Scot In the 2nd bishops war

Answer 39

30,000

Question 40

How many subsidies did Charles need to raise him army- that he didn’t get from short parliament

Answer 40

12 subsides

Question 41

How did Charles attempt to get money for his army

Answer 41

Parliament - failed Loan from Spain - failed Queen appealed to pope and her brother king of France - failed Charles secured some funding Convocation granted £90,000 Charles obtained loans of £200,000 from privy council before parliament was called Subsidies Strafford obtained from Irish parliament before he returned to end City of London defied king- refused to give money w out recall of parliament

Question 42

How much did Charles receive for the second bishops war £££ Was this enough

Answer 42

£360,000 No

Question 43

What was the etcetra oath

Answer 43

Canons inc introduction of oath to be taken by all members of the learned professions who were to swear never wittingly to overturn establish church Doctrine

Question 44

What went wrong during the 2nd bishops war (army- Charles side only)

Answer 44

He resided levies from the south of eng and ordered them to march north BUT THEY WERE UNTRAINED AND IKL DISCIPLINED Many deserted on their way north and 2 officers were murdered by their own troops accused of Catholicism Violent disorders from all parts of England that levies passed thru Aug 1640- Kings forced mustered in Yorkshire and Northumberland- unpaid and underfed Straffords Irish army were not ready in time to take part Earl of Northumberland- commander in chief on English army- ill Commander of northern army- Viscount Conway- meant to build up defences of border town of Berwick - seems to have disregarded the mustering of the Covenanters until it was too late

Question 45

What did the Scots do during the second bishops war How did it end

Answer 45

Scots decided to invade preemptively and take English by surprise Leslie led main Scottish army of 20,000 south but avoiding Berwick and instead marched along Tyne towards Newcastle Leslie’s forced had to cross river tyne in order to attack new castle Charles raced to defend main bridge over the river- only for Leslie to attempt to cross Tyne at Newburn Ford Viscount Conway sent 1500 horses and 3000 foot to reinforce troops guarding ford Troops failed to prevent Scots (outnumbered and outgunned) Leslie ordered troops not to pursue fleeing eng- avoid unnecessary casualties Viscount Conway decided Newcastle can’t be defended and withdrew to Durham 30 Aug Covenanters marched unopposed to Newcastle Scots captures important town - provided almost all of London’s coal supply

Question 46

What was the petition of 12 peers and the great council of peers

Answer 46

12 leading peers ing Bedford, Warwick and Saye and sele petitioned the king to call another parliament 24 sept- Charles summoned a great council of peers at York The council almost unanimously advised king to negotiate truce w Scots and to summon another parliament in eng Council of peers continued to sit in York, englush and Scottish commissioners met at Ripon Oct 1649 to negotiate treaty

Question 47

Explain the treaty of ripon 1640

Answer 47

Signed 14 Oct Acessation of hostilities was agreed Negotiations for permanent settlement were to be negotiated and ratified by a new parliament to be summoned in London Meanwhile- Scottish Army was to occupy Northumberland and Durham, exacting an indemnity of £850 a day from English gov for its quarter Scottish Gov was to be reimbursed for its expense in prosecuting the war against eng

Question 48

Impact of Scottish wars

Answer 48

Opinion in eng was mixed Faith Anxiety Enmity Optimism Scot Aug 1640- group of 18 Scottish nobles led by Earl of Montrose signed an agreement- ‘Cumbernauld Band’ which expresses their loyalty to king and a desire to defend his authority. They had been alarmed by radicalism by Covenanters

Question 49

When was long parliament

Answer 49

3 Nov 1640

Question 50

Why did the king have to recall parliament after the failure of the second bishops war and why couldn’t he dissolve it

Answer 50

Advised by great council Could not dissolve until voted subsidies that would enable Scottish army to be paid off Therefore the Scottish army would withdraw from northern eng Charles was politically and millitariky weak so couldn’t not disregard truce of ripon

Question 51

When did long parliament end

Answer 51

1660