CHATGPT Unit 1-5 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is a chemical element?
A pure substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means.
What are the four most common chemical elements in the human body?
Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).
Define an atom and describe its structure.
An atom is the smallest unit of an element; it consists of a nucleus with protons and neutrons, and electrons in orbitals.
What is the difference between a molecule and a compound?
A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together; a compound is a molecule with atoms of different elements.
How is an ion formed?
By gaining or losing electrons, resulting in a charged atom.
What are the four biologically important properties of water?
- Lubricant and cushion 2. Heat sink 3. Component of liquid mixtures 4. Involved in chemical reactions
What percentage of the human body is composed of water?
Approximately 50–70% depending on age and sex
How do you estimate the amount of water in the body in liters?
Multiply body weight (kg) by the percentage of body water
What are the major fluid compartments in the body?
Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid (plasma and interstitial fluid)
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
It cushions and protects the brain and spinal cord
What is the number of covalent bonds carbon can form?
Four
What is a hydrocarbon chain?
A chain of carbon atoms bonded with hydrogen atoms
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms that behaves as a unit in chemical reactions
What are the three size groups of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
Why are carbohydrates generally hydrophilic?
Due to their hydroxyl groups which form hydrogen bonds with water
What are the main components of a cell?
Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and nucleus
What is the function of the plasma membrane?
To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Name three major organelles and their functions.
Mitochondria (ATP production), Ribosomes (protein synthesis), Lysosomes (digestive enzymes)
What is the cytoskeleton and its role?
A network of fibers that maintain cell shape and assist with movement
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
Interphase (G1, S, G2) and Mitotic phase (M)
What is simple diffusion?
The passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
What is active transport?
The movement of substances against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP)
What is endocytosis?
A process by which the cell takes in materials by engulfing them in vesicles
