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chem Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry is concerned with

A

composition of substance and how they change in chemical reaction

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2
Q

biochemistry helps explain

A

physiological and disease processes

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3
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass, matter is composed of element
-solids, liquids, and gases are matter

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4
Q

elements

A

simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties. 98 naturally occurring elements

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5
Q

atoms

A

smallest particles of an element that have properties of that element

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6
Q

bulk elements

A

required by the body in large amounts
-C, O, H, N,S, P

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7
Q

trace elements

A

required by the body in small amounts
-Fe, I

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8
Q

ultratrace elements

A

required by the body in very minute amounts (AS)

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9
Q

atoms are composed of the subatomic particles of

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

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10
Q

protons

A

carry a single positive charge

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11
Q

neutrons

A

carry no electrical charge

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12
Q

electrons

A

Carry a single negative charge

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13
Q

nucleus is the

A

central part of the atom composed of protons and neutrons and the electrons orbit the nucleus

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14
Q

ion

A

particle, formed from awn atom, that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons

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15
Q

molecule

A

particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms

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16
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element that has its unique atomic number and the number of protons is equal to the number of electron in the atom
ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL

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17
Q

atomic weight

A

the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom

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18
Q

isotopes

A

have the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons

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19
Q

radioactive isotopes are

A

unstable, and release energy or atomic fragments (radiation) until they gain stability
-some used to detect and treat disease

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20
Q

atomic weight is often considered the average of…

A

the atomic weights of all of its isotopes

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21
Q

radioactive iodine-131

A

used to destroy cancerous thyroid gland tissue, thyroid is the only part that actively transports and metabolizes iodine

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22
Q

radiation (alpha, beta, and gamma) is called

A

ionizing radiation, engirt can remove electron from atoms, resulting in the formation ions , the free electrons damage nearby atoms

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23
Q

compound

A

particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

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24
Q

molecular formula

A

depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule

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25
Q

electrons of an atom occupy regions of space called

A

electron shells (energy shells)

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26
Q

ion

A

an atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable and has an atom

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27
Q

cation

A

a positively charge ion that forms when an atom LOSES an electron

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28
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion that is formed when an atom GAINS electrons

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29
Q

ionic bond

A

forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another and the attraction between a cation and an anion forms vey strong bonds

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30
Q

covalent bond

A

strong chemical bond formed when toms star electrons equally

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31
Q

structural formulas

A

show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules
-one line between atoms means that 1 pair of electrons are being shared (single bonds)

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32
Q

polar molecules

A

molecules with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end
unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
-water

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33
Q

hydrogen bond

A

a weak attraction between the slightly positive (H) end of the polar molecule and the slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar molecule

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34
Q

chemical reactions occur when

A

chemical bonds form or break between atoms, ions, or molecules

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35
Q

reactants

A

starting materials of a chemical reaction; the atoms, ions, or molecules

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36
Q

products

A

substance formed at the end of the chemical reactions

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37
Q

synthesis reaction

A

more complex structure is formed A+B =AB

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38
Q

decomposition reaction

A

chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure
AB= A+ B

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39
Q

exchange reaction

A

chemical bonds are broken and new bond are formed
AB+ CD= AD+ CB

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40
Q

reversible reaction

A

the products can change back to the reactants
A + B —— AB

41
Q

electrolytes

A

substances that release ions in water. The solution can conduct an electric current, so it is called and electrolyte

42
Q

acids

A

electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water

43
Q

bases

A

substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions

44
Q

salts

A

electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

45
Q

the higher the H+ concentration the

A

lower the pH and the higher the acidity

46
Q

the Lower the H+ concentration

A

the higher the pH and the lower the acidity

46
Q

normal range of blood pH

A

7.35- 7.45

47
Q

acidosis

A

when blood pH drops to 7.0-7.3
caused by vominting of alkaline intestinal contents, diabetes, lung disease with impaired Co2 exhalation n

48
Q

alkalosis

A

occurs when blood pH rises to 7.5- 7.8
caused by high altitude breathing, vomiting of acidic stomach contents, high fever, taking excess antacids

49
Q

buffers

A

chemicals which act to regulate pH by binding or released H+ ions

50
Q

organic molecules contains

A

C and H

51
Q

water- soluble organic compounds do not

A

realize ions, and are non- electrolytes

52
Q

what are examples of organic molecules

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

53
Q

inorganic molecules generally do not contain

A

C and H

54
Q

examples of inorganic molecules include

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts

55
Q

carbon dioxide

A

waste product release during metabolic reactions that must be removed from the body though exhaling

56
Q

inorganic salts

A

abundant in body fluids and is the source of necessary ions such as Na+, CI-, K+, Ca+2
plays a role in metabolism
helps control h2O concentration, pH, blood clotting, nerve and muscle processes

57
Q

electrolyte balance exists when

A

gains equal losses `

58
Q

carbohydrates are the

A

main source of cellular energy and supply materials to build cell structures, are water- soluble and contain C, H and )

59
Q

monosaccarides

A

single sugars
glucose and fructose `

60
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugars
sucrose and lactose

61
Q

polysaccharides

A

complex carbohydrates
stach, glycogen, cellulose

62
Q

what is the function of carbohydrates?/

A

energy

63
Q

lipids are insoluble in___ but soluble in

A

water, organic solvents

64
Q

what do lipoids do

A

important component of the cell membrane

65
Q

triglycerides

A

used for cellular energy and contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates

66
Q

saturated fatty acids have a

A

single carbon-carbon bonds
solid at room temperature
animal origin

67
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more carbon- carbon double bond
liquid at room temperature
plant origin

68
Q

a triglyceride is composed of ___ glycerol molecule and ____ fatty acids

A

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids

69
Q

phospholipids

A

consist of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate
major component of cell membranes `

70
Q

the heads of phospholipids are

A

water- soluble (HYDROPHILLIC)

71
Q

the tails of phospholipids are

A

water- insoluble, hydrophobic

72
Q

steroids are 4 connected rings of

A

carbon

73
Q

steroids synthesize what hormones?

A

adrenal and sex hormones

74
Q

what is the main steroid in the body?

A

cholesterol

75
Q

proteins serve as

A

structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes and antibodies

76
Q

what are the building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

77
Q

an amino acid contains an

A

amino (-NH2) group a carboxyl (COOH) group and a R (side chain) group

78
Q

amino acids are bound together by

A

peptide bonds

79
Q

peptide = how many amino acids?

A

2- 100

80
Q

polypeptide= how many amino acids?

A

100- thousands without a specific function

81
Q

proteins= how many amino acids?

A

100- thousands with a specific function

82
Q

what are the six function of proteins

A

structure - hair, nails, and skin
transport - hemoglobin
chemical messengers - hormones, neurotransmitters
movement - actin and myosin in skeletal muscle
defense- antibodies
catalyst- enzymes

83
Q

primary structure of protein is the

A

amino acid sequence

84
Q

secondary level of protein structures

A

pleated or twisted structure formed by hydrogen bonding between nonadjacent amino acids

85
Q

tertiary protein structures

A

unique 3- dimensional folded shape of the protein

86
Q

quaternary protein structures

A

formed by some proteins, when 2 or more polypeptide chains are connected to become 1 protein

87
Q

what can denature a protein

A

extreme pH levels and temperature and harsh chemicals + high salt concentration

88
Q

nucleic acids carry

A

genetic code (DNA) or aid in protein synthesis (RNA)

89
Q

what are the building blocks of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides
sugar, phosphate, and an organic base

90
Q

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A

a double chain of nucleotides

91
Q

RNA (Ribonucleic acids)

A

single chain of nucleotides

92
Q

DNA functions

A

stores genetic information
contains sugar
baseed a, t, c, g
double standed/ double heliz
sugar- deoxyribose

93
Q

RNA function

A

interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis
contains the sugar ribose
bases, a,u,c,g
single stranded

94
Q

hydrophilic means

A

soluble in water

95
Q

lipophilic means

A

soluble in lipids

96
Q

computerized tomography (CT)

A

use to visualize internal anatomy
uses X-rays to create a 3- dimensional image of soft tissues
differentiates tissues with slightly different densities
TUMORS

97
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

used radioactive isotopes that emit positrons to detect biochemical activity
USED TO DECTED VARIOUS BRAIN DISORDERS, BLOOD FLOW, NORMAL BRAIN PHYSIOLOGY

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