CHEM LEC Flashcards by archin capuno

cell division of mitochondria

binary fission

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double membrane bound organelles that has circular dna strands

mitochondria

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3parts of mitocho.

outer, intermembrane, inner membrane

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spherical shaped membrane bound organelled formed from golgi, containing digestive enzymes

lysosomes

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lysosome

digest microbes/materials

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enzyme which make up the acidity of lysosome, responsible for degrading mat. components

acid hydrolases

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weblike series of membrames within cytoplasm, for circulation, transport, synthesizes lipid carb and protein, storage

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involved in protein synthesis, free and in rough er

ribosomes

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modifies, transports, store, protein produced by ribosome

rough er

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synthesis of lipids (steroids)
storage of calcium in muscles
detox

smooth er

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3 main regions of golgi

cis trans medial

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series of membranes,, elongated, flattened, saclike
modifiy,package, sort from ER

golgi

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transport cellular material

vesicles

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smaller, spherical membranes formed in ER
detoxification, metabolism, biosynthesis

peroxisome

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biosynthesis of cholesterol

peroxidase

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organized network of protein filaments
structural support and organization of cells

cytoskeleton

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3 parts cytoskeleton

microfilament/actin- shape
intermediate- mechanical support (nucleus, plasma m)
microtubules- structural support

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most abundant organism on earth

prokaryotes

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t/f - prokaryotic cells surrounded by plasma membrane

true

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unfoldings of plasma membrane

mesosomes

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movement of substance from higher to lower concent

diffusion

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3 types of diffusion

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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cell eating

phagocytosis

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cell drinking, involves extracellular fluid

pinocytosis

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3 types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

phases of interphase

g1, synthesis, g2

cell inactive in interphase cant go to s phase

the first to use the term cell, empty chambers

Robert hooke

plants and animal tissues are composed of cells

matthias schleiden and theodor Schwann

theory of biogenesis

rudolf virchow

anatomy and physiology

principles of complementarity

karyo means

nucleus

cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms

cell theory

most abundant organism

bacteria

70 to 75 weight of cell

water

20 to 30% of cell

organic compounds

highest organic compound in cell

proteins (15)

carbohydrates in cell

4 organic compounds in cell

lipids nucleic acids proteins carbohydrates

have membrane bound nucleus

eukaryotic

MOst common lipid present

phospholipid

largest, most obvious membrane bound compartment, enclosed with nuclear envelope

nucleus

most common protein coiled in dna

histones

surrounds chromatin and nucleoli

nucleoplasm

interior, isolated, has membrane bound organelles, cellular process

cytoplasm

most abundant bioorganism on earth

carbohydrates

plants carbohydrates

75 on dry mass

structural on plants (carb)

cellulose

energy reservoir on plants

starch

energy reservoir on humans

glycogen

carbohydrates on average human diet

2/3

type of sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

type of sugar in RNA

ribose

carbohydrates in plasma membrane

glycolipids and glycoproteins

more than one hydroxyl... (-OH)

polyhydroxy

carbohydrate that has ketone on structure

ketose

carbohydrate that has aldehyde on structure

aldose

carbon present un structure

anomeric carbon

3carbon

triose

4 carbon CHO

tetrose

5carbon CHO

pentose

6crbon CHO

hexose

7carbon CHO

heptose

RCHO

aldehyde

2 types of isomerism

d isomer and L isomer

examples of hexose

glucose fructose

sugars in nucleic acid

riibose deoxyribose

sugars in nucleic acid

riibose deoxyribose

formed after hydrolysis

monomer units

bond between 2 monosaccharides

glycosidic linkage

examples of poly---

starch cellulose glycogen

2 types of chirality

superimposable and nonsuperimposable mirror image

images that coincide at all pts

superimposable

images that does not coincide at all pts

nonsuperimposable

atom chiral center

c atom

atom chiral center

c atom q

atom in a mol that has 4 differetn groups bonded to tetrahedral orientation

chiral center

do not possess handedness

achiral

atoms are connected in the same way but are arranged differently in space

stereoisomerism

2 types of stereoisomerism

enantiomers and diastereomers

most abundant in nature, "dextrose, blood sugar, grape fruit"

d-glucose

D-Fructose is biochemically the most important ketohexose. It is also known as levulose and fruit sugar.

d-fructose

1. Milk sugar 2. Synthesize in human 3. Used to differentiate between blood types 4. Six membered cyclic form

D GALACTOSE

1. Part of RNA 2. Part of ATP 3. Part of DNA 4. Five membered cyclic form

d-ribose

other term deoxyribose

2-deoxy-D-ribose 2-deoxyribose

-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on same sides

beta form

-OH of C1 and CH2OH of C5 are on opposite sides

alpha

6 atom ring

pyranose

5 atom ring

furanose

a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three- dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULA

Five important reactions of monosaccharides:

Oxidation to acidic sugars • Reduction to sugar alcohols • Glycoside formation • Phosphate ester formation • Amino sugar formation

The redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present in them.

OXIDATION

3 OXIDIZING AGENT

WEK STRONG AND ENZYMES

3 effects

1. ALDONIC ALDARIC GLUCURONIC

The redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present in them.

REDUCTION TO SUGAR ALCOHOL

an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group. The general name for monosaccharide acetals

GLYCOSIDE

The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters. Phosphate esters of various monosaccharides are stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates.

PHOSPHATE ESTER FORMATION

•Amino sugar formation: An amino sugar - one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group •Amino sugars and their N-acetyl derivatives are important building blocks of polysaccharides.

AMINO SUGAR

CHEM LEC Flashcards

(98 cards)