CPHM Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
statistical study of human population
A
demography
2
Q
method to orderly processes of data collection, organization, presentation, interpretation
A
statistics
3
Q
quantitative data, collected in order to measure something
A
data
4
Q
branches of statistics
A
descriptive and inferential
5
Q
classification of statistical data (4)
A
demographic, health status, health resources, health related socio economic environmental factors
6
Q
classification of SD,POPULATION Size, age, sex, mortality, morbidity, growth rate
A
demographic
7
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF SD, causes and distribution of mortality and morbidity as to residence, age, sex
A
health status
8
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF SD, number and distribution of health facilities, manpower, health expidentures
A
health resources
9
Q
CLASSIFICATION OF SD, water supply, excreta disposal, school enrolment, food establishment, transports, food intake habits
A
health related socio economic environmental factors
10
Q
the science of __ lies on statistics
A
epidemiology
11
Q
proportion if the quotient of sum of 2 numbers
A
ratio
12
Q
ratio involving a time period, count or measurement is observed over a period and then divided
by its base or population of observation.
A
rate
13
Q
measures the frequency of occurrence of the phenomenon during a
given period of time. Deals only with NEW cases.
A
incidence rate
14
Q
•Measures the proportion of the population which exhibits a
particular disease at a particular time.
•This can only be determined following a survey of the population
concerned.
•Deals with total (OLD and NEW) number of cases
A
prevalence rate
15
Q
•Also known as attack rate, case, sickness rate morbidity rate
•It refers to newly discovered cases of a particular disease
•It answers the question “how frequent do cases of a particular
disease occur during a given period of time”
•Used when dealing with acute conditions and accidents
A
incidenvce
16
Q
•It refers to the newly discovered and old cases of a particular
disease over a population
•Used when dealing with chronic conditions and disabilities
•It answers the question “what proportion of the group or
population is actually ill with a particular disease at a point in time.
•Usually determined by means of survey
A
prevalence
17
Q
This is a measure of fertility of the population
A
CBR
18
Q
This is a measure of the risk of dying from all causes in a population.
A
CDR
19
Q
statistical values that can be utilized to measure the growth or
decline of a population.
A
CBR AND CDR
20
Q
•Measure the risk of dying due to the process of pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium.
•It also measures the adequacy of maternal health services
A
MMR
21
Q
Measures the risk of dying due to infancy (under 1 year of age)
A
IMR
22
Q
Measures the risk of dying in the first four weeks of life of the infant
(newborn)
•The number of children dying under 28 days of age divided by the
number of live births that year
A
NEONATAL MORTALITY RATE
23
Q
Measures the risk of dying before birth
A
FETAL DEATH RATE
24
Q
The word means around the period of birth ( a month or more
before births and one month after birth)
•Measures the loss of life in later pregnancy and early infancy.
A
`PERI-NATAL MORTALITY RATE
25
•Study the occurrence and distribution of diseases
as well as distribution of determinants of health
state or events in specified population and the
application of this study to control health
problems
•Field of science dealing with the relationship of
the various factors which determine the
frequencies and distribution of an infectious
process. A disease or a physiological state in
human community.
epidemiolgy
26
an increase in the frequency (incidence) of a
disease above the usual and expected rate, which
is called the endemic rate., thus epidemiology
count cases of a disease, and when they detect the
sign of epidemic, they ask who, when and where
questions.
epidemic
27
surveillance made by the government before many people start dying.
notifiable disease
28
the ultimate goal of epidemiology
control and prevent the spread of disease
29
father of modern epidemiology
- Study about cholera.
john snow
30
2 main areas of investigation
distribution and patterns of disease distribution
31
uses of epidemiology
. Study the history of the health population and the rise and fall of diseases and changes in their character
2. Diagnose the health of the community and the condition of the people.
3. Study the work of health services with a view of improving them
4. Estimate the risk of diseases, accidents, detects and the changes avoiding them
5. Complete the clinical feature of chronic disease and describe their natural history
32
s any element, substance or force whether
living or non-living thing; the presence or absence
can initiate or perpetuate a disease process.
agent`
33
types of agent
1. This could be living or non-living things, physical or
mechanical in nature such as extremes of
temperature, light electricity.
2. They could be chemicals- endogenous (within the
body) or exogenous (poison)
34
characteristics of agent of disease
inherent characteristics, characteristics in relation to environment, characteristics directly related to man
35
characteristic directly related to man
infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence
36
characteristic directly related to man, ability to gain access and adapt to the human host to the extent of finding of finding lodgement and multiplication
infectivity
37
characteristic directly related to man, measures the ability of agent when lodged in the body set up a specific reaction
pathogenicity
38
characteristic directly related to man, refers to the severity of the reaction produce and is usually measured in terms of fatality.
virulence
39
characteristic directly related to man, ability to stimulate the host to producte antibody
antigenicity
40
modes of transmission
direct, indirect, airborne
41
MOT, immediate transfer of infectious agent a receptive
portal of entry
direct transmission
42
4 INDIRECT TRANSMISSIONS
vehicle borne, vector borne, mechanical vector, biological vector
43
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION, from contaminated objects
vehicle borne
44
INDIRECT TRANSMISSION, from living things
vector borne
45
dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of
entry usually the respiratory tract
airborne
46
2 types of airborne transmission
droplet nuclei, dust
47
AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION, usually small residues which result from evaporation of
fluid from droplets emitted by an infected host
droplet nuclei
48
THE HOST FACTOR OF DISEASE
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Race
4. Habits, Customs and religions
5. Exposure to agent
6. Defense mechanism of the host
49
these are cells in our body like plasma cells and lymphocytes
that produce antibodies to neutralize harmful effects of the infectious agents
and body fluids in our body that possess substance that have antimicrobial
properties
humoral defense
50
there are cells in our body like macrophages and neutrophils
involve in the process of phagocytocis
cellular defense
51
sum total of an organism’s external
surrounding conditions and influences that affect
its life and development
environment
52
environmental factors of disease
physical environment, climate, geography and location, biologic environment
53
Time between exposure to infectious agent up to the time of appearance of the earliest signs and symptoms
incubation period
54
2 types of incubation period
biological and clinical
55
INCUBATION PERIOD, the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms of a disease.
Clinical IP
56
INCUBATION PERIOD, The time taken by the parasite to complete its development in the definite host (from the time of entry of the infective larvae to the presence of microfilariae) is called the Intrinsic incubation period (Biological incubation).
biological
57
As applied to patient, separation for the period of
communicability, of infected persons or animals
from others in such places and under such
conditions as to prevent or limit the effect of the
direct or indirect transmission of the infectious
agent from those infected to those who are
susceptible or who may spread the disease agent.
isolation
58
he science and art of
a. preventing disease,
b. prolonging life and
c. promoting physical health and efficient through:
1. organized community efforts and informed choices of society,
2. private and public communities, communities and individuals for
the sanitation of the environment,
3. control of community infections,
4. the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene,
5. the organization of medical and nursing services for the early
diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and
6. the development of social machinery
public health
59
It is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population
health analysis.
Ecological in perspective, multi-sectoral in scope and collaborative in strategy
It aims to improve the health of community through an organized community effort
public health
60
divisions of public health (7)
Epidemiology
Biostatistics
Health Services/Health Policy and Management/Health
Administration
Environmental Health
Occupational health
Social and Behavioral Health
Nutrition
61
characteristics of public health
It deals with the PREVENTIVE ASCPECTS of health rather than
curative aspects.
It deals with POPULATION LEVEL, rather than indivdual health
issues.
62
3 core functions of public health
assessment pollicy development assurance
63
a. Monitor health status to identify community health problems.
b. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the
community.
assessment
64
a. Inform, educate and empower people about health issues.
b. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems.
c. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health
efforts.
policy development
65
a. Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety.
b. Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of
health care when otherwise unavailable.
c. Assure a competent public health and personal healthcare workforce.
d. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-
based health services.
assurance
66
levels of prevention
primary secondary tertiary
67
lvl of prevention, prevents an illness or an injury from occurring at all, by preventing exposure to risk factors.
primary prevention
68
lvl of prevention, seeks to minimize the severity of the illness or the damage due to an injury-causing event once the event has occurred.
secondary
69
lvl of prevention, seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation services.
tertiary prevention
70
person’s physical and psychological capacity to establish
and maintain balance.
Successful defense of the host against forces that disturb body
equilibrium.
health
71
aspects of health
physical, mental, social
72
failure of the body’s defense mechanism to cope with
forces tending to disturb body equilibrium.
disease
73
stages of disease
pre disease, latent stage. symptomatic
74
other term for asymptomatic
latent stage
75
risck factors of disease
1. Biologic and Behavioral Factors
2. Environmental Factors
3. Immunologic Factors
4. Nutritional Factors
5. Genetic Factors
6. Services, Social Factors and Spiritual Factors
76
History of public health
1. Pre-American Occupation ( up to 1898 )
2. American Military Government ( 1898-1907)
3. Philippine assembly (1907-1916)
4. The Jones law (1916-1936)
5. The Commonwealth (1936-1941)
6. Japanese occupation ( 1941-1945)
7. Post World war II (1945-1972)
8. Post EDSA revolution (1986 to present)
77
CHANGES IN HEALTH SCENARIO
1. rapid decline of mortality and morbidity
2. steady progress towards control of infectious diseases
3. the current status of service delivery infrastructure that preventive and promotive health programs had not sufficiently covered population
4. 1980 PHC strategy focused on maternal and child care services, control of prevalent diseases, nutrition, and family planning
78
MAJOR FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED THE PUBLIC HEALTH DEVELOPMENT
1. international org.
2. advances in biomedical and bioengineering research
3. psycho socially based
4. scientific approach to program management
79
FUTURE CHALLENGES IN PUBLIC HEALTH (4)
urbanization
industrialization
environmental concern
revenge of germs
80
it has been forecast that by the year2020, the urban population comprise 65 to 75% of the totalpopulation
The chaotic growth of cities will result in a multitude ofeconomic and social problems.
The rise of slums, criminality, disease and unemployment
Overcrowding, inadequate housing facilities, poorenvironmental sanitation
urbanization
81
more women joining the work force.This may or may not have adverse effect on the family. Care ofchildren will be entrusted to caretakers
Occupational hazards become a major concern
Air, soil and water pollutions
industialization
82
environmental degradation caused by deforestation, deterioration ofseas and rivers due to industrial waste, indiscriminatedisposal of waste. All these lead to ecologicalimbalance and pave the way for the emergence of thenew types of microorganisms
environmental concern
83
the discriminate consumption and overuse of antibiotics have resulted in drug-resistant bacteria, viruses and parasites.Switching from inexpensive penicillin to other drugsincreased treatment costs which are beyond the reachof the poor.
revenge of germs
84
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS
descriptive statistics and inferential
85
BRANCH OF STATISTICS, Statistical techniques for summarizing and presenting data in a form that will make them easier to analyze and interpret
ex.Counts, proportions, tables, graphs,
summary measures
descriptive statistics
86
BRANCH OF STATISTIC, Concerned in making estimates, predictions, generalizations, and conclusions about a target population based on information from a
sample
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
87
2 TYPES OF INFERENTIAL STATISTIC
Estimation and hypothesis testing
88
the term ___ refers to both the numbers that describe the health of populations and the science that helps to interpret those numbers.
statistics
89
Used to described the variety and frequency of past outcomes under similar conditions as a way of predicting what should happen in the future.
probability
90
p value
use to express the degree of probability or improbability
of a certain result in an experiment.
91
•This is a range of values within which the true result probably falls.
•The narrower the confidence interval, the lower the likelihood of random error.
•Are often expressed as margins of error, as in political polling, when a politician’s support might be estimated at 50 percent. The confidence interval would be 47% to 53%
confidence interval
92
USES OF BIOSTATISTICS
•Problems of estimates
•Problems of comparison
•Health need identification
•Analysis of problem and trends
•Epidemiologic evaluation
•Program planning
•Budget preparation and justification
•Administrative decision making
•Health education
93
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENTS
nominal ordinal interval ratio
94
It refers to the arrangement of any data in an orderly sequence, so that they can be presented concisely and compactly and so that they can be understood easily.
tabulation
95
Types of data for tabulation
frquency distribution, correlation data, time series data
96
used to compare two or more frequencies
correlation data
97
some variable changes over a period of time is the one being presented
time series data
98
Data are grouped according to some scale of classification, where the sum of the entries is equal to
the total. The figures may either be in equal numbers, in percent or in both. The scales used may be qualitative, quantitative or both.
frequency distribution
99
•The purpose is to convey a simpler idea of what the statistical table contains .
•Statistical graph either a series of lines joined together, or bars or enclosed areas, drawn to represent certain statistical information under consideration.
•Intended for comparison, to show correlation, or simply for the purpose of data presentation
•Primary tools for presentation and analysis.
graphing
100
PART OF GRAPH, indicate clearly and briefly what the figures in the body of the graph stand for, how the data were classified, and where and when obtained. This is placed at the bottom of the graph, preceded by number for easy reference.
title
101
PART OF GRAPH,
the vertical and the horizontal:
•Each represents separate scales of classification corresponding to the row and column headings of the table being graphically presented.
•One of the axes is always quantitative scale while the other is either qualitative or quantitative scales.
AXIS
102
PART OF GRAPH, this is needed when one is drawing more than one graph in a graphing space. This clarifies to what particular item each of the graph refers. It is placed either at the bottom of the graph or as close as possible to the figures being identified.
LEGEND
103
these are the lines, bars or figures drawn within the graphing space.
BODY OF GRAPH
104
- Used to graph time series data depict trends or changes with time with respect to some other variables
line graph
105
used to graph continuous variables. A graphical representation, similar to a bar chart in
structure, that organizes a group of data points into user-specified ranges. The histogram condenses a data series into an easily interpreted visual by taking many data points and grouping them into logical ranges or bins
histogram
106
Used to graph continuous variables
polygon
107
used to graph qualitative variables and discontinuous variables of the quantitative
variety
bar and stick graph
108
usually in the form of rectangles, square or circles (pies), used to depict the distribution of a whole with different segments representing different frequencies
pictorial diagram
109
sed to show relationship of simultaneous measurement
scatter poit
110
Registration systems such that collected by
the
civil registrars office
111
Vital events
births, deaths, marriage, divorces and
the like.
112
study of the character, number, and distribution of
living organisms residing in or migrating through particular places.
population
113
is the study of the
attributes of and changes in the aggregate number of people
residing in particular communities around the world and their
causes.
HUMAN DEMOGRAPHY
114
mathematical estimates
arithmetic increase and geometric increse
115
assumed that the population increases at a constant amount
per year
– difference between the last two censuses is taken and then
divided by the number of year between them to get the
average amount of population increase per year
arithmetic
116
mathematical– assume that population increases at a constant rate per year
– determination of annual rate of population change
GEOMETRIC
117
the annual number of live births per
1,000 women of childbearing age (often taken to be from 15 to 49
years old, but sometimes from 15 to 44)
general fertility rate
118
the annual number of live births per
1,000 women in particular age groups (usually age 15-19, 20-24
etc.)
age specific fertility rate
119
the annual number of deaths per 1,000
people.
crude death rate
120
the annual number of deaths of children
less than 1 year old per 1,000 live births.
infant mortality rate
121
the number of years which an
individual at a given age could expect to live at present
mortality levels.
expectation of life
122
the number of live births per woman
completing her reproductive life, if her childbearing at each age
reflected current age-specific fertility rates.
total fertility rate
123
the average number of children
a woman must have in order to replace herself with a daughter
in the next generation.
replavement lefel fertility
124
the number of daughters who would be born to a woman completing her reproductive life at current age-specific fertility rates.
gross reproduction rate
125
the expected number of
daughters, per newborn prospective mother, who may or may
not survive to and through the ages of childbearing.
net reproduction ratio
126
one that has had constant crude birth and
death rates for such long time that the percentage of people in
every age class remains constant, or equivalently, the population
pyramid has an unchanging structure.
stable population
127
one that is both stable and unchanging
in size (the difference between crude birth rate and crude death
rate is zero).
can expand or shrink
stationary population
128
involves the number of children that women have and
is to be contrasted with fecundity (a woman's
childbearing potential).
fertility
129
study of the causes, consequences, and measurement
of processes affecting death to members of the
population.
mortality
130
– refers to the movement of persons from an origin place to a destination place across some pre-defined, political boundary
migration
131
simply the difference between the number of births and the number of death occurring in a population in a specified period of time
natural increase
132
the difference between the CBR and the CDR occurring in a population in a specified period of time
rate of natural increase
133
Measures the number of people that are added to the population per year
absolute increase per year
134
Is the actual difference between the two census counts expressed in percent relative to the population size made during an earlier census.
relative increase
135
is described in terms of age and sex
population composition
136
represents the number of males for every 1, 000 females in the population.
sex ratio
137
two ways to describe the age composition of the population.
median age and dependency ratio
138
The age and sex composition of the population can be described
at the same time using a
population pyramid
139
any element, substance or force whether
living or non-living thing; the presence or absence
can initiate or perpetuate a disease process.
agent
140
these are cells in our body like plasma cells and lymphocytes
that produce antibodies to neutralize harmful effects of the infectious agents
and body fluids in our body that possess substance that have antimicrobial
properties
humoral defense
141
there are cells in our body like macrophages and neutrophils
involve in the process of phagocytocis
cellular defense
142
sum total of an organism’s external
surrounding conditions and influences that affect
its life and development
environment
143
environmental factors of disease
•Physical Environment
•climate- certain disease have seasonal distribution
•Geography and location
•Biologic Environment- living environment of man
consist of plants, animals and fellow human
beings.
144
Time between exposure to infectious agent up to the time of appearance of the earliest signs and symptoms
incubation period
145
2 types of incubation period
clinical and biological
146
the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms of a disease.
clinical incubation period
147
The time taken by the parasite to complete its development in the definite host (from the time of entry of the infective larvae to the presence of microfilariae) is called the Intrinsic incubation period (Biological incubation)
biological incubation period
148
As applied to patient, separation for the period of
communicability, of infected persons or animals
from others in such places and under such
conditions as to prevent or limit the effect of the
direct or indirect transmission of the infectious
agent from those infected to those who are
susceptible or who may spread the disease agent
isolation
149
CATEGORIES OF ISOLATION
STRICT, contact, respiratory, tuberculosis
150
ISOLATION
this category is designed to prevent transmission of
highly contagious or virulent infectious that may spread by direct
contact or droplet.
strict isolation
151
ISOLATION
for less highly transmissible or serious infections,
for disease or conditions which are spread primarily by close or direct
contact.
contact isolation
152
ISOLATION
o prevent transmission of infectious diseases
over short distance through the air
respiratory isolation
153
ISOLATION
(AFB isolation)- for patient with pulmonary
tuberculosis who have a positive sputum smear or chest x-rays which
strongly suggest active tuberculosi
TUBERCULOSIS ISOLATION
154
CATEGORIES OF PRECAUTIONS
enteric, drainage, blood/body fluid
155
restriction of the activities of a well
persons or animals who have been exposed to a
case of communicable diseases during its period of
communicability to prevent disease transmission
during incubation of infection should occur.
quarantine
156
Limitation of movement of those exposed to a
communicable disease for a period of time not
longer than the longest usual incubation period
of that disease.
absolute/complete quarantine
157
Selective, partial limitation of freedom of
movements of contacts
modified quarantine
158
pHASES
Pre pathogenesis, pathogenesis
159
6 requirements for successful invasion
1. Condition in the environment must be favorable to the agent or the agent must be able to adapt in the environment
2. Suitable reservoirs must be present
3. A susceptible host must be present
4. Satisfactory portal of entry into the host
5. Accessible portal of exit from the host
6. Appropriate means of dissemination and transmission to a new host
