Chem Midterm

Question 1

A natural or synthetic macromolecule comprised of repeating units of monomers.

Answer 1

Polymer

Question 2

The process of breaking a complex carbohydrate such as starch or cellulose into simple sugars.

Answer 2

Saccharification

Question 3

Term use to denote a 5-carbon sugar derived from hemicellulose.

Answer 3

Arabinose

Question 4

It is a natural discharges of living trees and other forest growths induced by a natural or inflicted wound on the plant and are involved in the defense mechanism of trees.

Answer 4

Tree exudates

Question 5

All biological materials and derivatives other than timber, which are extracted from forests for human use.

Answer 5

Non- timber forest products

Question 6

The inorganic and organic residue remaining after combustion of wood or unbleached wood fiber.

Answer 6

Wood ash

Question 7

Distinct alternating light and dark bands of tissues encircling around the core/pith of wood.

Answer 7

Growth rings

Question 8

This is a type of cellulase system in which cellulose is degraded in an aerobic environment in mixture of extracellular cooperative enzymes.

Answer 8

Non-complexed

Question 9

Term used to describe a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base.

Answer 9

Acetate

Question 10

Small molecules which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form more complex molecules called polymers

Answer 10

Monomers

Question 11

The most abundant element in wood ash that gives the ash properties similar to agricultural lime.

Answer 11

Calcium

Question 12

The derivatives of the crude gum-oleoresin-that comes from living pine trees, pine stumps, and dead lightwood.

Answer 12

Naval stores

Question 13

Wood waste Is accounted _____ percent of the over-all NRE estimates of the country.

Answer 13

44

Question 14

Soft tissues of small and thin-walled cells mainly for storage and secondarily for food distribution

Answer 14

Parenchyma

Question 15

This are type of forest products that are used in raw form

Answer 15

Primary wood products

Question 16

This is a term used to describe tree exudates that comes specifically from mangrove species and oak species.

Answer 16

Tannins

Question 17

The lignin of gymnosperms is composed almost exclusively of guaiacyl propane monomers, which are derived from _________

Answer 17

coniferyl alcohol

Question 18

This are used to remove most of the polysaccharides from ball-milled wood meal before aqueous dioxane extraction.

Answer 18

Enzyme Lignin

Question 19

A heterogeneous bio-macromolecule that exists as the second most abundant polymer on Earth.

Answer 19

Lignin

Question 20

A mixed ester thermoplastic derivative of cellulose acetate that contains both acetate and butyrate functional

Answer 20

Acetate Compound Butyrate

Question 21

A cellulose ester wherein some of three hydroxyl groups of a cellulose unit can be synthesized by using an acid anhydride or an acid chloride as an acylating agent.

Answer 21

Acetate Compound Propionate

Question 22

Angiosperms contains sinapyl alcohol, when isolated, what type of propane it produces?

Answer 22

equal proportions of guaiacyl propane units and syringyl propane units

Question 23

Outgrowths on parenchyma cells of xylem vessels of secondary heartwood.

Answer 23

Tyloses

Question 24

Breaking down the crystallinity in the cellulose to an amorphous strand.

Answer 24

Endocellulose

Question 25

Process of decomposition of various compounds or materials with thermal decomposition at temperatures around 400-800°C in an anaerobic environment.

Answer 25

Pyrolysis

Question 26

Strand of primary tissues found within the stem of a plant and consisting of xylem and phloem, along with cambium.

Answer 26

Vascular bundles

Question 27

A polysaccharide made of a-D-glucose units, bonded to each other through a(1-4) glycosidic bonds.

Answer 27

Amylose

Question 28

One type of perforation plate with multiple perforations of net-like appearance, as in wood of marang.

Answer 28

Reticulate

Question 29

This type of products is obtained from pine species, distillation of resin produces gum turpentine and gum resin.

Answer 29

Naval stores

Question 30

Type of tissues concerned with transverse conduction of food and water, they are ribbon-like aggregate of cells formed by the vascular cambium arranged in horizontal rows.

Answer 30

Wood Rays

Question 31

An axial series of cells that have fused to form a tube-like structure of indeterminate length.

Answer 31

Vessels

Question 32

Woody plants in the tropics resembling tree ferns and palms; e.g., oliva and pitogo.

Answer 32

Cycadales

Question 33

Type of specialized tissue that carries out different functions based on the cell type and location in the plant.

Answer 33

Ground tissue

Question 34

Type of tissue that transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant.

Answer 34

Vascular tissue

Question 35

Wood is considered as the ultimate renewable resource because of its abundance, and renewability and known for its great utilization from top to the roots.

Answer 35

T

Question 36

Hardness is one type of wood identification by cutting the sample with a knife or by applying pressure with the fingernails on the longitudinal surface of the wood.

Answer 36

T

Question 37

Texture refers to the arrangement/orientation of the wood elements with respect to respect to the longitudinal axis.

Answer 37

TEXTURE - GRAIN ORIENTATION

Question 38

Annual rings have been used in dating ancient wooden structures, with proper technology, it can also tell the history or past disturbances within the forest.

Answer 38

T

Question 39

Growth rings refer to the size and proportional number of woody elements. Description of texture in relation to the size of wood pores may include porous, fine porous and diffuse porous among others.

Answer 39

GROWTH RINGS - TEXTURE

Question 40

Specialized pores that allow gas exchange through holes in the cuticle are known as stomata.

Answer 40

T

Question 41

Lignification is a polymerization process in which lignin macromolecules grow from monomers via free radical coupling mechanisms.

Answer 41

T

Question 42

Grasses is composed almost exclusively of guaiacyl propane monomers, which are derived from coniferyl alcohol.

Answer 42

GRASSES - GYMNOSPERMS

Question 43

Proto lignin is soluble in any solvent including water.

Answer 43

SOLUBLE - INSOLUBLE

Question 44

It is the study of the chemical components and characteristics of wood.

Answer 44

WOOD CHEMISTRY

Question 45

The fibrous plant material composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin in trees.

Answer 45

WOOD

Question 46

The non-structural components of wood, concentrated in the heartwood and are often produced by the standing tree as defensive compounds to environmental stresses

Answer 46

EXTRACTIVES

Question 47

Wood material which includes standing trees in a form suitable for construction, carpentry, joinery, or reconversion for manufacturing purposes.

Answer 47

TIMBER

Question 48

Collective term used to describe tree exudates/exudents such as Manila copal, dammar and balau (apitong, and Manila Elemi or white pitch.

Answer 48

RESINS

Question 49

Considered as a primitive element of xylem consisting of a single elongated cell with pointed ends. It conducts water/solutes and provide mechanical support.

Answer 49

TRACHEID

Question 50

Living support tissues with irregular walls, it is extremely plastic the cells and thus adjust to increased growth of the organ/plant.

Answer 50

COLLENCHYMA

Question 51

This is unique to conifers and they are sometimes referred to as resin ducts.

Answer 51

RESIN CANALS

Question 52

The most abundant type of parenchyma cells found in both gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Answer 52

Ray Parenchyma

Question 53

It is a part of the dermal tissue that functions as extensions of the root epidermal tissue and its primary function is to absorb water and other nutrients from the soil.

Answer 53

ROOT HAIRS

Question 54

The anaerobic degradation of cellulose using a cellulosome.

Question 55

The most abundant biopolymer available in nature.

Answer 55

CELLULOSE

Question 56

One type of cellulose isolation in which enzymes are used in hydrolysis.

Question 57

It is a collective term used to denote cellulose and hemicellulose.

Answer 57

HOLOCELLULOSE

Question 58

These are complex polymers composed of a large number of monosaccharide units joined together by several glycosidic linkages.

Answer 58

POLYSACCHARIDES

Question 59

They consist of two monosaccharides linked by a single glycosidic bond example is cellobiose.

Answer 59

DISACCHARIDE

Question 60

Matrix substance of the cell wall composed of two types of sugar molecules: xylans and glucomannans.

Answer 60

HEMICELLULOSE

Question 61

Any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain six carbon atoms, such as glucose and fructose.

Answer 61

HEXOSE

Question 62

Produced as a part of natural energy transfer and carbon cycle especially by wood-degrading fungi and bacteria.

Answer 62

CELLULOLYSIS

Question 63

This are B1-4) inked polysaccharides containing mannose and are widely distributed and found as main hemicellulose in Charophytes

Answer 63

GLUCOMANNANS

Question 64

Protective tissue that covers the entire surface of the plant

Answer 64

EPIDERMAL

Question 65

Different types of cellulose:

Answer 65

1. Bacterial cellulose 2. Cellulose acetate 3. Ethylcellulose 4. Hydroxypropyl cellulose

Question 66

Three elements comprises of Cellulose:

Answer 66

6 Carbon 10 Hydrogen 5 Oxygen

Question 67

where can we find lignin in plants?

Answer 67

a. Primary Wall b. Secondary Wall c. Middle lamella d. Epidermal e. Hypodermal Cell walls

Question 68

four methods in isolating lignin:

Answer 68

a. Milled Wood Lignin b. Enzyme Lignin c. Alkali Lignin d. Organosolv Lignin

Question 69

Milled Wood Lignin (MWL) process?

Answer 69

Wood is finely ground using a ball milling process to break down the structure of lignin.

Question 70

Enzyme Lignin process?

Answer 70

with the use of cellulolytic enzymes

Question 71

Alkali Lignin process?

Answer 71

treated with an alkaline solution (e.g., sodium hydroxide) to dissolve lignin.

Question 72

Organosolv Lignin process?

Answer 72

treated with organic solvents (like ethanol or acetone) under heat and pressure to dissolve lignin.