Chem/Phys Flashcards

Question

Lowest priority should be

Answer 1

Dashed (in towards page) if not, switch R and S

Answer 2

have NEGATIVE ΔG Utilize spontaneous redox reactions to produce electrical potential

Answer 3

ΔG° = -nFE° The Gibbs free energy ΔG° of an electrochemical cell is related to the number of electrons n transferred in the overall reaction, the overall cell potential = E°cell, and Faraday's constant F.

Answer 4

E cathode - E anode E reduced - E oxidized

Answer 5

Ability to hold charge C = q/v Ratio of magnitude of the charged stored on one plate (pos charge) to the potential difference across the capacitor on the other plate (neg charge) C =(ϵ0 ϵr A)/d. C=ϵ0 A / d: ϵ0is the permittivity of free space (8.85 x 10-12 F/m) directly proportional to area and charge but inversely proportional to the distance between the two sides of the capacitor.

Answer 6

SA node of the right atrium sends out action potentials which use gap junctions to propagate through tissue and contract Action potential flows from SA node to atria Atria contracts and sends blood to ventricles, which push blood out of the heart Signal sped through bundle of His and Purkinje fibers to muscle cells of ventricle Deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium via superior and inferior vena cavae and coronary sinus (drains coronary veins) then, pumped into right ventricle through tricuspid valve from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries through the pulmonary semilunar valves After oxygenation, returned to heard via pulmonary veins and enters left atrium Pumped through bicuspid valve from the left atrium to left ventricle which pushes blood into circulation

Answer 7

pre existing presence of an ion in solution reduces molar solubility of a substance containing that ion Ex. If you add NaCl to a solution already containing MgCl, it will not dissolve as well and will precipitate more the decrease in solubility of an ionic precipitate by the addition to the solution of a soluble compound with an ion in common with the precipitate.

Answer 8

the product of each substance's dissolved ion concentration raised to the power of the stoichiometric coefficient (larger= more soluble)

Answer 9

Direct relationship between gas' volume and temp if one increases, the other will too

Answer 10

d=vt vf = vi + at d = vit + 1/2 at^2 vf^2 = vi^2 + 2ad

Answer 11

(1/2) m (vf)^2 = mgΔH

Answer 12

when a molecule serves as a substrate for its target enzyme and regulates enzyme activity

Answer 13

changes as a result of pressure changes

Answer 14

decreases with decreasing temperature decreased temp, decreased relative humidity (can hold less water)

Answer 15

occupies 22.4 L

Answer 16

NaVa=NbVb N= mol/L

Answer 17

chemical that binds to a receptor and activates a biological response

Answer 18

known to produce expected effect

Answer 19

mgh in joules

Answer 20

ΔKE in joules

Answer 21

Work (kJ) / Time (s) W / t

Answer 22

Electrostatic force between 2 charged particles is proportional to individual charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance FE= k q1 q2 / r^2

Answer 23

create colored solutions because they have unfilled d orbitals

Answer 24

1/2 (pka1 + pka2)

Answer 25

Ex. N2 Don't react with oxygen or other gases, prevent side chain reactions

Answer 26

pH in negatives becomes possible

Answer 27

from N --> C

Answer 28

Causes a decrease in the rate at which water molecules escape the liquid surface

Answer 29

where Pvap = Patm

Answer 30

move 1 right on periodic table

Answer 31

Move 1 left on periodic table same for e capture

Answer 32

Move 2 left on periodic table Charge -4 on top

Answer 33

the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of its maximal value

Answer 34

the rate attained when the enzyme sites are saturated with substrate

Answer 35

1. at rest, stay at rest 2. F = ma 3. every action has equal and opposite reaction

Answer 36

In parallel= C1+C2+C3+... In series= 1/C1+1/C2+1/C3+...

Answer 37

In parallel= 1/R+1/R2+... In series= R1+R2+R3+...

Answer 38

catalyzes aldehydes to alcohols

Answer 39

used for oxidative cleavage of alkenes

Answer 40

NaCr2O7 KMnO4

Answer 41

for reduction of aldehyde to primary alcohol LiAlH4 is a strong reducing agent and will reduce carbonyl compounds, including esters and carboxylic acids, to alcohols. Reducing agents decrease an atom's oxidation state and reduce the number of bonds carbon has to electronegative atoms while increasing the number of bonds to less electronegative atoms (commonly hydrogen).

Answer 42

@ around 3000

Answer 43

@ 3300-3500 (broad)

Answer 44

@ around 2200

Answer 45

@ 1700 (sharp)

Answer 46

must possess a highly positive standard reduction potential because it is the final e- acceptor

Answer 47

will be opposite

Answer 48

Release heat

Answer 49

absorb heat

Answer 50

H reaction = H products - H reactants whether taking place in one step or multiple

Answer 51

uses electric potential to drive a spontaneous redox reaction

Answer 52

uses conducting material between plates

Answer 53

If buffer is acidic, will want a weak acid as reagent If buffer is basic, will want a weak base as reagent

Answer 54

Light travels from more to less dense medium and can no longer refract angle of incidence will be greater than the critical angle only happens when n1>n2

Answer 55

Water soluble, surface active compounds that increase solubility of poorly soluble drugs

Answer 56

Attenuation= weakening of ultrasound signal parts of the signal are reflected, scattered, absorbed, refracted, or diffracted

Answer 57

donators Generate a higher inductive effect

Answer 58

can act as an acid or a base ex. sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 can dissociate into NAOH or HCO3-

Answer 59

output work/input energy

Answer 60

the distance the compound migrated divided by the distance of the solvent front

Answer 61

Silica gel is polar and hydrophilic while mobile phase is usually a moderately polar, organic solvent - non polar compounds dissolve in the organic solvent and move faster and further Mnemonic: no problem fuck face (non polar faster further) Dependent on polarity, temperature, eluting strength (increases with increasing solvent polarity) - polar compounds will not move as far, nonpolar will have more affinity for mobile phase - temp inversely proportional to eluting strength

Answer 62

Will have a pKa within 1 value of the pH

Answer 63

results in a new carbon–carbon bond and an α,β–unsaturated enone. The reaction requires two carbonyl groups (from ketones and/or aldehydes) and occurs by the nucleophilic attack of an enolate on a carbonyl followed by elimination 1. base pulls of a hydrogen to form a carbanion 2. carbanion attacks carbonyl to create C-C bond 3. an elimination reaction with heat removes alcohol and adds alkene

Answer 64

the more stable product will predominate

Answer 65

the intramolecular reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid that creates a cyclic ester (lactone). Lactonization can be classified as both a dehydration reaction and a condensation reaction, as a molecule of water is lost when the two functional groups combine to form a lactone. Lactonizations that result in the formation of five- or six-membered rings are especially favorable.

Answer 66

occurs when a substance gains electrons or decreases the number of carbon-heteroatom bonds (carbon to something other than carbon) at a specific carbon atom.

Answer 67

an intramolecular condensation reaction between an amine and a carboxylic acid that forms a cyclic amide (lactam).

Answer 68

results in the preferential formation of a stereoisomer. For example, a reaction that prefers either a cis or trans outcome would be stereoselective.

Answer 69

structures that have the same connectivity and can be interconverted by the rotation of σ bonds. Because conformational isomers are identical except for bond rotations, they are the same compound.

Answer 70

have the same molecular formula but differ in connectivity

Answer 71

nonsuperimposable mirror images in which all stereocenters are inverted. have same chemical properties, but differ in how they rotate the plane of polarized light

Answer 72

stereoisomers with two or more chiral centers in which some, but not all, of the chiral centers are opposite. have very similar chemical, but less similar physical properties,

Answer 73

determined by the expression 2^n, where n is the number of stereocenters. Be careful of meso compounds!

Answer 74

U= 1/2 C V^2

Answer 75

measures the voltage V between two points in an electric circuit. To measure V across a resistor, the voltmeter is connected in parallel with the resistor because circuit elements connected in parallel have the same V. By Ohm's law, the resistor's V equals the product of the current I and the resistance R: V=IR should behave like an open circuit (ie, have a very large resistance) to ensure accurate voltage measurements

Answer 76

depends on Coulomb's constant k and the distance r from q, according to the equation: E= kq / (r^2)

Answer 77

an equilibrium constant (Keq) > 1 corresponds to a negative ∆G. This makes logical sense, since Keq > 1 indicates that the reaction favors the products, while ∆G < 0 tells us that the reaction is spontaneous as written

Answer 78

occurs when ΔH<0 and ΔS>0.

Answer 79

when water is able to bond with hydrophilic (polar) residues

Answer 80

so does the strength of intermolecular forces between molecules.

Answer 81

occurs as the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom on the amine attacks, and the amine adds to the carbonyl carbon, making it a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the process of bond formation, the hydroxyl group of the carboxylic acid leaves as a water molecule. Therefore, this is a condensation reaction

Answer 82

a motor protein that walks towards the minus end of the microtubules, which is oriented towards the center of the cell. Movement toward the center of the cell is described as retrograde.

Answer 83

a motor protein that is responsible for anterograde transport in cells.

Answer 84

a motor protein that is primarily responsible for attaching to actin filaments during muscle contractions.

Answer 85

a class of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) that mediate the inflammatory response, and is not a motor protein.

Answer 86

n = c/vmaterial This value is 1 for a vacuum and is approximated as 1 for air. For all other materials, n is greater than 1; for instance, window glass has a refractive index of 1.52.

Answer 87

n1sin(θ1) = n2sin(θ2)

Answer 88

(Ex. moving from water to air) the angle θ with the normal will increase—in other words, the ray of light will bend further away from the normal.

Answer 89

As the angle of the incident ray (θ1) increases, there will come a point where the angle of the refracted ray (θ2) reaches 90° When angle increases beyond critical angle, the light can no longer refract at all and instead are reflected within the original medium (total internal reflection)

Answer 90

solubility product constant equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous solution more soluble= higher Ksp value

Answer 91

Ksp = [products] ^ # molecules ex. Ca(OH)2 Ksp = [Ca] [OH]^2 Ksp = x(2x)^2 set Ksp = 4x^3

Answer 92

will NOT change from changes in concentration (though concentration may affect whether a precipitate forms) will only change by changing temperature

Answer 93

increasing the temperature will shift the reaction toward the products, while decreasing it will shift the reaction toward the reactants

Answer 94

If a sample has nuclear spin due to an odd number or protons or neutrons, will be affected by magnetic field Atomic nuclei may align with the field (low energy) or against the field (high energy)

Answer 95

resonance frequencies are chemical shifts ranging from 0 on the far right to positive values on the far left shift of 0 is assigned to TMS as a refernce point peaks shifted to the right are upfield peaks shifted to the left are downfield

Answer 96

the distinct peaks (groups of hydrogens) created by hydrogens

Answer 97

hydrogens that are different than others in molecule (will not be unique if there are lines of symmetry)

Answer 98

how many individual peaks will be within a signal n+1 where n = # of adjacent hydrogens

Answer 99

how far away a signal is from 0 (on right @ TMS) depend on electronegative atoms and unsaturated groups - closer to electronegative atom/unsaturated groups will be downfield (further left) - downfield and de-shielded (When electronegative groups are present, they pull electron density away from the proton and further deshield it.)

Answer 100

4000-2500= single bond region 2500-2000= triple bond region 2000-1500= double bond region

Answer 101

@ around 3000

Answer 102

hydrochloric acid nitric acid

Answer 103

Hydrofluoric acid Acetic acid

Answer 104

compounds with negative charges will be attracted to stationary phase and move slowly through column compounds with positive charge will repel and elute through more quickly

Answer 105

Matter is exchanged; heat E can be exchanged

Answer 106

No matter is exchanged; heat E can be exchanged

Answer 107

No matter is exchanged; no heat E is exchanged

Answer 108

the internal energy of an isolated system is constant Inability to create or destroy matter Energy cannot be added/taken away but can be converted into forms like heat or work

Answer 109

transfer of energy that can cause a change in pressure or volume

Answer 110

Implies that phase change is consuming energy either melting, evaporation, or sublimation

Answer 111

Implies that phase change is releasing energy either freezing, vaporization, or deposition

Answer 112

Q= heat change m= mass L= specific latent heat

Answer 113

(1) loss of an electron (2) increased oxidation state (3) loss of a C–H bond (e.g. alkane → alkene) (4) gain of a C–O or C–N bond (or any bond between carbon and a highly electronegative atom)

Answer 114

(1) gain of an electron (2) decreased oxidation state (3) formation of a C–H bond (e.g. alkene → alkane) (4) loss of a C–O or C–N bond (or any bond between carbon and an electronegative atom).

Answer 115

from alcohols (most reduced/least oxidized) to aldehydes/ketones (intermediate reduction/oxidation) to carboxylic acids (least reduced/most oxidized)

Answer 116

come in pairs and typically contain one or more chiral centers. These substituents are arranged differently around the chiral carbon, in such a way that the molecule cannot be rotated to make the two arrangements match

Answer 117

highest priority groups on the same side of the molecule

Answer 118

the cleavage of an alkene or alkyne with ozone (O3) that results in the multiple carbon–carbon bond being replaced by a double bond to oxygen (carbonyl)

Answer 119

a logarithmic scale expressing the intensity of a sound as its ratio to that of the smallest detectable sound intensity I0). The intensity ratio of sound in decibels is defined as dB = 10log(I/I0), where I0 is 1 × 10−12 W/m2.

Answer 120

from 20 Hz to 20 kHz

Answer 121

Strecker synthesis is used to generate amino acids by reacting an aldehyde with a desired R group. Gabriel synthesis can be used to generate primary amines, which can then be immediately followed-up with malonic ester synthesis to create an amino acid.

Answer 122

f = (1 / 2 π)(√k / m)

Answer 123

produce myelin in the CNS

Answer 124

produce myelin in the PNS

Answer 125

Compared to the neutral atom of a given element, its cation will be smaller but its anion will be larger.

Answer 126

Metal cations with a smaller ionic radius and a higher positive charge are stronger Lewis acids (electron acceptors) than those with a larger ionic radius and lower charge.

Answer 127

Use when you have equivalent constant

Answer 128

are composed of a carbon-nitrogen double bond with either a hydrogen atom or an R group attached to the nitrogen atom.

Answer 129

a carboxylic acid derivative with a carbonyl carbon atom bonded to an amine group, as opposed to a hydroxyl group.

Answer 130

functional groups that contain an amine group bonded to an alkene. Many imines can be converted to enamines through tautomerization.

Answer 131

a functional group with a nitrogen atom bound to two acyl groups (ie, two carbonyl carbon atoms). Imides are structurally similar to acid anhydrides but include bonds with the acyl groups instead of oxygen atoms.

Answer 132

To visually detect when a titration is complete, an indicator that has an endpoint (color change) near the pH of the equivalence point can be added to the solution. Different indicators change color across a particular pH range (endpoint range). The best indicator for a given titration is one that has a pH range that corresponds most closely to the pH of the equivalence point.

Answer 133

The halogens are generally good leaving groups because they can form stable anions. Larger halogens are better leaving groups than small halogens because they can spread the negative charge over a larger surface area.

Answer 134

Acids catalyze many reactions by donating protons to a reactant. Protonation enhances electrophiles and increases the stability of leaving groups. Acids generally decrease the nucleophilicity of molecules.

Answer 135

The Gabriel synthesis is a method used to make primary amines, including α-amino acids with potassium phthalimide and diethyl bromomalonate, (starting materials that have planar reaction sites without chiral centers). postassium phtalimide acts as a nucleophile and attacks electrophilic C of diethyl bromomalonate in an SN2 reaction where Br leaves. Then, in another SN2 reaction, the α-carbon is deprotonated with a base and attacks an alkyl halide to add the amino acid side chain.Hydrolysis of the phthalimide group and the esters on the α-carbon is followed by acidification of the carboxyl groups and decarboxylation, yielding an amino acid. Although the decarboxylation step creates a stereocenter, this step is not stereospecific and causes the Gabriel synthesis to yield a mixture of enantiomers (R and S aas).

Answer 136

creates a mixture of diastereomers

Answer 137

Uses a chiral stationary phase that interacts more strongly with one enantiomer while the other moves more quickly through the column

Answer 138

performed under reduced system pressure, thereby lowering a compound's boiling point. Compounds with high boiling points (>150 °C) tend to decompose at or near their boiling point. Therefore, vacuum distillation is ideal for compounds with a boiling point over 150 °C to prevent degradation

Answer 139

ideal for compounds with boiling points less than 25°C apart and less than 150°C the initial distillate will be enriched in the lowest boiling point that was placed in the flask. highest boiling point will be in the final fractions

Answer 140

if the components have widely different boiling points (greater than a 100 °C difference in boiling points).Aug 11, 2020

Answer 141

a technique that separates compounds based on boiling point. Compounds with lower boiling points have shorter retention times than compounds with higher boiling points. For compounds with a similar number of carbon atoms, the boiling point depends on the functional group and the strength of intermolecular forces present. branching (decreases surface area and increases steric hinderance) decreases the boiling point

Answer 142

separates molecules according to their relative polarity and the resulting interactions with the mobile and stationary phases. nonpolar compounds elute faster than polar (nonpolar compounds have a shorter retention time, and polar compounds have a longer retention time.) think of "like dissolves like" principle; nonpolar compounds more closely interact with nonpolar, vice versa on a chromatogram, the area under the curve is proportional to the quantity of material present In reversed-phase HPLC, the mobile phase is a polar solvent and the stationary phase is made of a nonpolar material. (polar molecules will move up the most) the stationary phase is polar relative to the mobile phase. Molecules with more polar bonds have a greater affinity for the stationary phase, and thus have a longer retention time than molecules with fewer polar bonds

Answer 143

a technique that uses an organic solvent and an aqueous solution to separate molecules based on solubility. Molecules have a greater affinity for solvents with similar polarity ("like dissolves like"). Modifying a molecule's charge or polarity changes its affinity for the organic or aqueous layer.

Answer 144

An endothermic reaction has a positive ΔH° and absorbs heat from the surroundings An exothermic reaction has a negative ΔH° and releases heat into the surroundings.

Answer 145

When ΔS° is positive and ΔH° is negative (ie, an exothermic reaction), the process is always spontaneous (−ΔG°). When ΔS° is negative and ΔH° is positive (ie, an endothermic reaction), the process is nonspontaneous (+ΔG°) at any temperature. When both ΔS° and ΔH° are negative, the process is spontaneous (−ΔG°) at low temperatures and nonspontaneous (+ΔG°) at high temperatures. When both ΔS° and ΔH° are positive, the process is spontaneous (−ΔG°) at high temperatures and nonspontaneous (+ΔG°) at low temperatures.

Answer 146

can be estimated as the sum of the atomic radii of the bonded atoms

Answer 147

a lab technique to separate materials based on differences in solubility. Liquid-liquid extraction requires liquids that are not soluble in one another (immiscible) and form two distinct layers when placed in a container. Extraction liquids typically have different polarities, and dissolved solute(s) partition between the two layers based on the principle of "like dissolves like."

Answer 148

Amides, amines, and compounds that contain an odd number of nitrogen atoms have a molecular ion with an odd m/z and fragments with an even m/z. Some alcohols are prone to dehydration, where the molecular ion is apparent 18 m/z below the expected value. Chlorinated and brominated compounds have peaks determined by their natural isotopic abundance.

Answer 149

measures the direction (+ or −) and magnitude (angle) of rotation by which chiral molecules rotate plane-polarized light.

Answer 150

the instrument used to measure the rotation of polarized light.

Answer 151

= observed rotation / (c x l) c is concentration in g/mL l is path length in dm

Answer 152

hydrolyzable lipids that contain an ester bond formed by the linkage between a long-chain fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol.

Answer 153

populated starting with lowest energy MO HOMO= highest occupied molecular orbital LUMO= lowest unoccupied molecular orbital conjugation (more stable, lower energy)-- - decreases the HOMO-LUMO energy difference - increases the λmax molecules with a smaller gap between HOMO and LUMO are more easily excited and can absorb longer wavelengths

Answer 154

E = h f E = h c / λ

Answer 155

the m/z value that produces the highest relative abundance (100%) and normally corresponds to a cation that is either especially stable or likely to form. Mass spectrometry experiments ionize samples and detect the abundance of ions at each mass-to-charge ratio (m/z).

Answer 156

in IR spec, wavenumbers from 1500 - 400 cm-1

Answer 157

the more a protons electron density is pulled away (by more electronegative elements), the less it can shield itself from the applied magnetic field.

Answer 158

Two solvents must be immiscible – form two layers and do not mix. Aqueous phase: polar layer, usually water Organic phase: nonpolar layer Separatory Funnel: equipment used to isolate the two phases after they have been given time to spread out again. Denser layer sink to the bottom due to gravity, and can be removed. More common for organic layer to be on top, but ultimately depends on density. Once the desired product has been isolated, it can be obtained by evaporating the solvent by using a rotary evaporator. Wash: reverse of the extraction process in order to remove unwanted impurities. Small amount of solute is used to extract and remove impurities

Answer 159

extraction filtration recrystalization

Answer 160

separates molecules primarily on the basis of boiling point. Compounds with a lower boiling point tend to stay in the gas phase and move through the column quickly, whereas compounds with higher boiling points have a greater tendency to interact with the liquid phase and a longer retention time. For compounds with the same number of carbon atoms, alkanes have the lowest boiling point, followed by aldehydes and ketones, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. eluent is a gas instead of a liquid mobile phase is usually an inert gas compounds must be volatile (low melting point, sublimable, vaporizable)

Answer 161

1. Identify the Longest Carbon Chain Containing the Highest-Order Functional Group The highest priority functional group (with the most oxidized carbon) will provide the suffix If there are two or more carbon chains of equal length, then the more substituted chain gets priority as the parent chain. 2. Number the Chain The carbon numbered one will be the one closest to the highest-priority functional group. If the functional groups all have the same priority, numbering the chain should make the number of the substituted carbons as low as possible The more oxidized a carbon is, the higher priority it has in the molecule. Oxidation state increases with more bonds to heteroatoms (atoms beside hydrogen and carbon) and decreases with more bonds to hydrogen. For rings, numbers start at the point of greatest substitution, and continues in that direction If there is a tie between assigning priority in a molecule with double and triple bonds, the double bond takes precedence. 3. Name the Substituents Substituents are functional groups that are not part of the parent chain. Substituents name will be placed at the beginning of the compound name as a prefix, followed by the name of the longest chain. Only the highest priority functional group will determine the suffix for the compound Carbon chain substituents are named like alkanes, with suffix –yl replacing –ane n- prefix indicates that it is normal or is a straight chain alkane. If there are multiple substituents of the same type, prefixes such as di-, tri- & tetra- are used. 4. Assign a Number to Each Substituent Pair the substituents that you have named to the corresponding number in the parent chain Multiple substituents of the same type will get both the required prefix and a carbon number designation, even if they are on the same number 5. Complete the Name Always begins with the names of the substituents in alphabetical order, and each substituent is preceded by its number. Numbers are separated by commas, and word with hyphens Name is finished with the name of the parent chain with the suffix being the functional group of the highest priority.

Answer 162

Simple hydrocarbons with the formula: CnH2n+2 Goes methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane…. Alkyl halides are alkanes with halogen substituents (common). Have the following prefixes: fluoro-, chloro- , bromo-, or iodo-.

Answer 163

indicated by the lower number carbon that precedes the bond

Answer 164

carbon attached to hydroxyl group gets the lowest possible number hydroxyl groups on same carbon: germinal diols hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons: vicinal diols

Answer 165

contain a carbonyl group; are chain terminating (carbonyl appears at the end of the chain) replace -e with -al (aldehyde) or -one (ketone) aldehydes: carbonyl takes precedence and is given the number ketones: list alkyl groups in order then end with ketone

Answer 166

Includes enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy; means they describe the energetic differences between the reactants and the products in their current state. These values are independent of the chemical pathway that a reaction takes to get from reactants to products.

Answer 167

(or path functions) describe the path taken by a system to transition from one equilibrium state to another. A system transitions from one state to another due to a net flow of energy in the form of heat transfer or work. For example, the loss or gain of heat is a process function because it describes the path taken by a system from its current pressure, volume, and temperature to a different set of values.

Answer 168

when light of a sufficiently high frequency is incident on a metal in a vacuum, the metal atoms emit electrons electrons produce a current (more intense light, more electrons on electrode, larger current)

Answer 169

minimum frequency of light that causes ejection of photons if frequency of photon is more, electron will be ejected with kinetic energy: Kmax = hf - W

Answer 170

difference between theoretical mass of a nucleus and the actual mass; actual mass is smaller (since some has been converted into speed of light)

Answer 171

allows nucleons to bind in the nucleus; bonded nucleons have lower energy than unbonded constituents; difference is emitted as radiation higher binding energy= more stable nucleus

Answer 172

When parent nucleus, X, undergoes nuclear decay to form daughter nucleus Y, the balanced reaction is: ZAX=Z'A'Y+emitted decay particle

Answer 173

∆n/∆t=-λn n=n0e^-λt

Answer 174

in Siemens/m (vs. conductance which is in Siemens) measures how well electrons can flow metallic or electrolytic electrolytic occurs in an ionic solution when electrodes are placed in an electrolyte solution and a voltage is applied; electrolyte will conduct electricity

Answer 175

I entering at junction= I exciting from junction must have the same amount of charges going in and out When a resistor is removed from a series circuit, there is a larger voltage drop across the remaining resistors.

Answer 176

internal charge cannot flow freely and cannot conduct electric current; does NOT transmit heat/sound/electricity

Answer 177

the property of a material quantifying how strongly it resists or conducts current; low resistivity indicates ready flow of electric current p (resistivity) = R x A / L R= resistance L = length (if length increases, resistance increases) A= area (increases number of conduction pathways which reduces resistance)

Answer 178

Resistivity: intrinsic resistance Length: longer= increased resistance Cross Sectional Area: increases number of conduction pathways and reduces resistance Temperature: typically greater resistance at higher temperatures; increases thermal vibration to increase resistance to e- flow

Answer 179

P= I V =I^2 X R = V^2 / R

Answer 180

U=1/2*C*V^2

Answer 181

Similar to insulation; will always INCREASE capacitance when placed between the plates, never decreases capacitance Q=CV For an isolated and charged capacitor, Q is constant because there's no battery source that can add any further charge. Since C increases with dielectric, V must decrease. For a charging capacitor, V is constant and equal to the voltage of the battery source. Since C increases with the dielectric, Q must increase. Dielectrics are a class of polarizable materials in which electric dipoles can be induced. When a dielectric material is inserted between capacitor plates, the electric field present between these plates causes the dipoles induced in the dielectric material to align, decreasing both electric field strength and voltage. Due to this insulating effect, dielectric substances increase capacitance.

Answer 182

Ammeters: measure CURRENT at some point within a circuit; circuit must be on and must be put in series with current voltage to be measured; ideal ammeters have 0 resistance and no voltage drop Voltmeters: requires circuit to be on, uses magnetic properties of current carrying wires; measures VOLTAGE drop across two points in a circuit that must be wired in parallel; ideal voltmeter would have infinite resistance Ohmmeters: don't require circuit to be on; have their own battery w/ known voltage; acts like an ammeter to find RESISTANCE

Answer 183

68% of the population is within 1 standard deviation of the mean. 95% of the population is within 2 standard deviation of the mean. 99.7% of the population is within 3 standard deviation of the mean only applies for normal distribution

Answer 184

third quartile minus first quartile

Answer 185

type I : incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis (think it’s wrong when right) type II : incorrectly fail to reject null hypothesis (think it’s right when wrong)

Answer 186

will not evenly distribute charge over surface or transfer charge well

Answer 187

will distribute any charge approximately evenly across the surface

Answer 188

they are very stable, and are strong bases will not participate in nucleophilic substitution unless they are replacing a great leaving group (Cl/Br)

Answer 189

more stable stacking of trans fats means that they are more likely to be solids—and therefore less likely to be liquids—at room temperature.

Answer 190

involves the conversion of fat or oil or lipid into soap and alcohol by the action of heat in the presence of aqueous alkali the hydrolysis of an ester with a strong base

Answer 191

monoglyceride or triglyceride that combines with phosphoric acid to form a phospholipid

Answer 192

any compounds with varying hormone-like effects; notably the promotion of uterine attraction cyclic fatty acids

Answer 193

E = hv/λ (comes from v = λf)

Answer 194

6.02 x 10^23 mol-1 Use when wanting to convert moles to molecules

Answer 195

During the ionization of transition metals, electrons from 4s subshell orbitals are generally removed before those from 3d subshell orbitals. ex. ionization of Co 2+ is [Ar]3d7

Answer 196

Diatomic elements have oxidation states of zero. Otherwise, oxidation states are summed to equal the charge of the molecule. The oxidation state of F is -1, because it is the most electronegative element. Other halogens will usually have an oxidation state of -1, unless they are bonded to a more electronegative halogen, N, or O. In that case, their oxidation state may be +1, +3, +4 (for Br), +5, or even +7. The oxidation state of H is +1, except when it is bonded to a more electropositive element, in which case it will be -1. The examples you are most likely to encounter of this on the MCAT are the reducing agents NaH, NaBH4, and LiAlH4. The oxidation state of O is usually -2, with some important exceptions, such as peroxides, in which it is -1. The oxidation state of alkali metals (the first column in the periodic table) is always +1, and that of alkaline earth metals (the second column in the periodic table) is always +2.

Answer 197

Peaks that appear between 0-5 ppm are indicative of sp3 hydrogens. Peaks around 5-8.5 ppm are indicative of amide (R(C=O)NR2) hydrogens.

Answer 198

Enols are alkenes with a hydroxyl group attached to one of the double bonds' carbon atoms. Enolates are the deprotonated anions of enols.

Answer 199

180 g (C6H12O6)

Answer 200

a measure of the stiffness of an elastic solid material. The slope of the graph (stress/strain) is equal to the Young’s modulus. The higher the Young’s modulus, the stiffer the solid material is.

Answer 201

due to shear forces (friction) between the fluid and the solid surface of the tube. This results in layers having a gradient of velocities, in which: flow is the fastest in the middle of the tube (where friction is low) and slowest near the surface (where friction is high).

Answer 202

Q = (ΔP x pi x r^4) / (8ηL) the flow rate (Q), the pressure drop between both ends of the tube (∆P), the radius of the tube (r), the length of the tube (L), and the viscosity (η)

Answer 203

there is less oxygen in the air

Answer 204

Fnet = ma = Fapplied – Fk, where Fk is the force of kinetic friction F applied = ma if you want to convert to Work, W= Fd cosΘ

Answer 205

slowly establishes equilibrium between the dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is a weak acid that would lower the pH

Answer 206

an acid-catalyzed reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid The Fischer esterification requires an acid catalyst (usually sulfuric acid, H2SO4) and heat, and is a condensation reaction that eliminates a molecule of water from the reactants alongside ester formation.

Answer 207

named by first stating the prefix that corresponds to the alcohol alkyl chain followed by the name of the carboxylic acid. The carboxylic acid suffix –ic acid is replaced by –ate.

Answer 208

Boiling points are dependent on a molecule's intermolecular forces, and strong intermolecular forces lead to higher boiling points. Carboxylic acids contain a hydrogen bond donor (hydroxyl hydrogen) and hydrogen bond acceptors (carbonyl oxygen, hydroxyl oxygen), and therefore can hydrogen bond with themselves. Because hydrogen bonds are strong intermolecular forces, carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than molecules of a similar molecular weight that cannot hydrogen bond to themselves and have weaker intermolecular forces.

Answer 209

stop codons are recognized by release factors, not tRNA molecules. Therefore, the last tRNA brought into the ribosome binds the codon directly upstream of the stop codon Stop codons do not code for amino acids and are recognized by release factors instead of tRNA

Answer 210

Changes in respiration affect blood pH levels, with increased respiration tending to cause increased blood pH.

Answer 211

equal to the liquid density multiplied by the gravitational acceleration multiplied by 10 cm.

Answer 212

release of heat energy

Answer 213

a five-membered aromatic heterocycle containing one nitrogen atom. found in heme

Answer 214

vπ r^2 = vπ r^2 v= velocity r= radius characterizes flow

Answer 215

group attached to histidine formula: C3N2H4 (cyclic with 2 amine)

Answer 216

group attached to tryptophan formula: C11H12N2O2 (two rings with an amine)

Answer 217

Ammonium formate is NH4HCO2 Ammonium carbonate is (NH4)2CO3 Ammonium bicarbonate is NH4HCO3 Ammonium acetate is NH4CH3CO2

Answer 218

energy to be overcome before forming products

Answer 219

An esterification reaction results in the formation of a new ester linkage. Direct esterification reactions between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol occur slowly at room temperature and in the absence of a catalyst.

Answer 220

organic anions derived from the deprotonation of carbonyl compounds

Answer 221

retro-aldol reaction is the reverse of an aldol condensation. When heated and treated with an aqueous base, the dehydration product (enone or enal) is first hydrated into the aldol product (β-hydroxy ketone), and then the carbon-carbon bond between the α- and β-carbons breaks. The retro-aldol reaction yields two products: either two ketones, two aldehydes, or one of each.

Answer 222

the pH value at which the protonated and deprotonated forms of the functional group are present in equal concentrations. Influenced by local environmental and structural factors that affect the stabilities of the protonated vs. deprotonated forms. If the protonated form is stabilized, the functional group resists deprotonation until higher pH values, raising the pKa. Destabilization of the deprotonated form allows the group to pick up a proton more easily, raising the pH at which significant protonation can occur, and thus raising the pKa.

Answer 223

the linkage between monosaccharides and is made up of a hemiacetal or hemiketal from one sugar and the hydroxyl group of another molecule. The glycosidic bond is broken through a hydrolysis reaction in which water cleaves the bond, splitting the sugar molecule.

Answer 224

six-membered rings; cyclical structure of sugar

Answer 225

five-membered rings; cyclical structure of sugar (more common form)

Answer 226

used to identify the presence of aldehydes and hydroxy ketones, and uses the oxidizing agent [Ag(NH3)2]+ to oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids. Ketoses can undergo tautomerization via an enediol intermediate to their aldose form, resulting in a positive Tollens test and the formation of a silver mirror appearance.

Answer 227

a technique used to determine the functional groups present in a sample; the data collected are plotted as percent transmittance vs. wavenumber. The signals in the spectrum correspond to bond-stretching vibrations and rotations at a certain frequency, and the signal intensity is dependent on the amount of energy absorbed.

Answer 228

ending for aldehyde = al ending for ketone = one

Answer 229

composed of three fatty acyl groups bonded to glycerol through ester linkages.

Answer 230

A reaction at a low temperature (−78 °C) with a bulky base, such as (LDA), favors formation of the kinetic over the thermodynamic enolate because it requires a low activation energy to form. The kinetic product is a result of deprotonation of the less substituted α-carbon (ie, contains more hydrogen substituents and is sterically more accessible to a bulky base). - kinetic forms faster but is less stable (forms less substituted alkene) A reaction at a higher temperature with a smaller base such as (NaH) would lead to deprotonation of the more substituted α-carbon and formation of the thermodynamic enolate (ie, enolate C=C double bond more stabilized by substituents) and therefore formation of the thermodynamic product. - thermodynamic forms slower but is most stable because it forms the most substituted alkene

Answer 231

A common protecting group used for aldehydes; characterized by two –OR groups in place of the carbonyl.

Answer 232

originating from aldehydes and ketones, respectively, each contain one –OR group and one –OH group.

Answer 233

chrial molecules enantiomers rotate them in opposite directions

Answer 234

ΔH is negative when heat is released - the temperature of the system and its immediate surroundings increase-- think about a piece of wood burning and heating up surroundings ΔH is positive when heat is gained - the temperature of the system and its immediate surroundings decreases.

Answer 235

will continue to vaporize to gas It must gain an amount of heat equal to its heat of vaporization before all the liquid turns to gas and the temperature increases.

Answer 236

Isothermal processes, in which the temperature of the system does not change. Adiabatic processes, which occur with no heat exchange between the system and the environment. Isochoric (isovolumetric) processes, in which the volume of the system does not change. Isobaric processes, in which the pressure of the system does not change.

Answer 237

Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct physical contact. Convection is the transfer of heat through the flow of fluids. Fluids absorb heat from hotter regions and deliver it to colder regions. Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared light. Radiation heat transfer is significant only for high temperatures.

Answer 238

C = mc = q/ΔT C= heat capacity c= specific heat

Answer 239

coulomb e= 1.6 x 10^-19 C

Answer 240

do not easily distribute charge molecules tend to be closely linked with nuclei; most nonmetals are insulators; serve as dielectric materials for capacitors and prevent grounding

Answer 241

removal of a charge by transferring electrons between it and another object

Answer 242

distribute charge approximately evenly across surface; used in circuits and electrochemical cells; generally metals and ionic solutions

Answer 243

Quantifies the magnitude of electrostatic force between two charges: Fc=kq1q2 / r^2 k is Coloumb's constant = 8.99 x 10^9 Nm^2 / C^2

Answer 244

E= Fe / q = kQ / r^2 Fe= electrostatic force Q = source charge q = test charge

Answer 245

field is stronger where lines are closer together

Answer 246

defined as the amount of work necessary to move a test charge from infinity to a point in space in an electric field U=kQq/r

Answer 247

the ratio between the charge’s electrical potential energy and the magnitude of the charge itself gives you potential of field without test charge V= U/q = KQ/r

Answer 248

potential difference between two points at a different distance within the same magnetic field ∆V=Vb-Va=Wab / q Wab is the work needed to move a test charge

Answer 249

A line on which the potential at every point is the same. So the potential difference between any two points is zero.

Answer 250

Results from two equal and opposite charges being separated by a small distance, d from each other. These can be transient (London dispersion) or permanent.

Answer 251

Any moving charge creates a magnetic field the units for this strength are in Tesla [1 T = 1 N∙s/mC] small magnetic fields are measured in gauss [1 T=10^4 gauss]

Answer 252

made of atoms with no unpaired electrons and have no net magnetic field. These are slightly repelled by magnets (weakly antimagnetic). E.g – wood, plastic, water, glass, skin

Answer 253

Do have unpaired electrons so that they do generate a net magnetic dipole moment. Will become very weakly magnetized in the presence of an external magnetic field. This magnetic behavior is only temporary (only occurs while in presence of magnetic field). E.g – aluminum, copper and gold

Answer 254

have unpaired electrons and permanent atomic magnetic dipoles. Oriented randomly so that the material has no net magnetic dipole naturally. Will become strongly magnetized when exposed to a magnetic field or at certain temperature. E.g – iron, nickel, cobalt, bar magnets.

Answer 255

B=u0 x I / 2π x r u0=permeability of free space=4π x 10-7 T∙mA

Answer 256

B=u0 x I / 2 x r

Answer 257

the sum of the electrostatic and magnetic forces.

Answer 258

FB=qvB sinΘ v is the velocity, B is the magnitude of the magnetic field and is the smallest angle between the velocity vector and B.

Answer 259

For a straight wire: : FB=ILB sinΘ I is the current, L is the length of the wire and B is the magnitude of the magnetic field, and is the angle between L & B.

Answer 260

used to model fluid flow in pipes, assuming laminar flow of viscous and incompressible fluids. According to Poiseuille's law, the flow rate is directly proportional to vessel radius and pressure difference, and inversely proportional to viscosity and vessel length.

Answer 261

length L and radius r in meters (m) pressure change ∆P in pascals (Pa) volumetric flow rate Q in cubic meters per second (m^3/s).

Answer 262

For resistors connected in parallel, the voltage drop across each resistor is the same and the equivalent resistance increases if a resistor is removed. The current through each resistor in parallel is independent of the others, and the sum of each component current equals the total current.

Answer 263

an intrinsic property of materials and varies with changes in the material's temperature. (temp up, resistivity up)

Answer 264

If waves are in-phase, the displacements always add together. Resultant amplitude will be 2x the original amplitudes. happens when two waves overlap in such a way that they combine to create a larger wave. Vs Destructive interference happens when two waves overlap in such a way that they cancel each other out.

Answer 265

Two out of phase waves cancelling each other out completely.

Answer 266

used to compare two waves- whether they start at the same time or not If completely out of phase, expressed as a difference of 2 or 180 degrees. For circular polarization, only a 90° phase difference is required because only a 90° phase shift yields both the positive and negative oscillations along each axis and the symmetry necessary to produce a circular polarization pathway.

Answer 267

the component mass divided by the total mass of the formula unit or mixture expressed as a percentage. The total mass of a solution mixture equals the combined mass of solute and the solvent!

Answer 268

Yes, H–F bond is highly polar, and the fluorine atom has three pairs of nonbonding electrons. H bonds are likely to form with N, O, and F to form noncovalent dipole-dipole attractions known as hydrogen bonding.

Answer 269

They are stronger. A double bond will be stronger than a single bond though because it is a combination of a pi and sigma bond

Answer 270

noncovalent interactions are weak attractions between atoms that do not share electrons but have dipoles with opposite partial charges. Noncovalent dipole interactions include attractions between two permanent dipoles, between a permanent dipole and induced dipole, and between two induced dipoles.

Answer 271

the weakest of the noncovalent van der Waals forces. These interactions occur between two atoms or molecules that are close to each other, creating a temporary dipole London dispersion forces tend to be more pronounced in larger molecules with larger, more polarizable electron clouds (more branched nonpolar molecules)

Answer 272

the coordination number of a complex ion is the number of coordinate bonds to the central atom

Answer 273

the ratio of the actual yield (the amount obtained) to the theoretical yield (the amount possible) expressed as a percentage.

Answer 274

HIGHER in free energy than thermodynamic products and can form at lower temperatures. “Fast” products because they can form more quickly under such conditions.

Answer 275

LOWER in free energy than kinetic products, more stable. Slower but more spontaneous (more negative DG)

Answer 276

direction of particle oscillation is perpendicular to the propagation of the wave. Think above moving a string with a fixed point by moving hand up and down. Includes electromagnetic waves like visible light, microwaves and x-rays. appear as waves along path

Answer 277

particles of wave oscillate parallel to the direction of transfer Sound waves, causes air particles to oscillate through cycles of compression and rarefaction (decompression) along the direction of the wave. appear as lines along path

Answer 278

ω=2 π f=2π / T

Answer 279

v= (rad (B/p)) B is the bulk modulus increases from gas to solid p is the density fastest in solids, slowest in gasses

Answer 280

Describes the differences between the actual frequency of a sound and the perceived frequency of a sound. If the source and the detector are moving towards each other, then the frequency is perceived to be higher. when source and detecter moving away, perceived to be lower.

Answer 281

I=PA P is the power & A is the Area (Area = A=4π r^2) Intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude (A^2) Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source (1/d^2)

Answer 282

If intensity is changed by some factor, can use: Bf = Bi+10 log If / Ii

Answer 283

light goes in a straight line when it is a homogenous medium

Answer 284

Θi = Θr the perpendicular line in between them is called the normal

Answer 285

converges where the image appears; can be projected to a screen Formed when rays of light are directed out of a fixed point

Answer 286

converges somewhere else, looks like it's somewhere it's not Occurs one reason only appear to diverge

Answer 287

half the radius of curvature and is positioned in front of the mirror. focal length = radius of curvature / 2

Answer 288

center of curvature C radius of curvature r focal length = radius of curvature / 2 inside of curve is concave (converges); outside of curve is convex (diverges) Equation (1/f) = (1/o) + (1/i) = (2/r) o= object ; i = image ; r = radius object distance (o) will always be positive because we think of things in terms of the object if image is a real image i>o if image is a virtual image i

Answer 289

m = i / o if positive, image is upright if negative, image is inverted

Answer 290

positive i = in front negative i = behind positive r= concave (converging) negative r= convex (diverging) positive f= concave negative f= convex positive m= upright negative m= inverted

Answer 291

Applies to refracted rays of light n1sinΘ1 =n2sinΘ2 if n1n2 will bend away from normal

Answer 292

in the context of acids, refers to the number of moles of protons per liter of solution (Molarity x #protons)

Answer 293

when light goes to different medium and changes speed & bends n = c / v

Answer 294

real and virtual images are opposite to mirrors sign for concave lens will be negative (diverging) sign for convex lens will be positive (converging)

Answer 295

a diverging (concave) lens because rays are converging too soon before retina

Answer 296

a converging (convex) lens because rays are converging too far away from retina

Answer 297

P = 1 / f f is focal length

Answer 298

asinΘ= nλ a= slit width n = fringe number dark bands that result from light passing through a diffraction grate are caused by destructive interference between light waves. Conversely, Light bands are caused by constructive interference between light waves.

Answer 299

dsinΘ= (n+(1/2)λ) d = distance between slits n = fringe number (all the peaks, largest one in the middle) dark bands that result from light passing through a diffraction grate are caused by destructive interference between light waves. Light bands are caused by constructive interference between light waves.

Answer 300

linearly polarized light indicates presence of chiral center

Answer 301

Determines the amount of product formed in a reaction. This constant is not changed by a catalyst, which only changes the rate at which equilibrium is achieved.

Answer 302

says that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume it occupies.

Answer 303

states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

Answer 304

states that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the molar amount of each reaction component raised to the power of its reaction order. The reaction order of each species is equal to its stoichiometric coefficient.

Answer 305

light waves reflected by the upper and lower boundaries of a thin film interfere with one another, either enhancing or reducing the reflected light Differences in the thickness of a thin film (top media) contribute to changed interference patterns that produce the colorful array.

Answer 306

indicates that at constant temperature and pressure, the number of moles of a gas within a container is directly proportional to the volume of the gas. ex. if (v1/n1) = (v2/n2)

Answer 307

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of each of the individual gases. The partial pressure of an individual gas can be found using the mole fraction of the gas multiplied by the total pressure.

Answer 308

Because only ELECTROMAGNETIC radiation with an electric field oriented parallel to the axis of polarization passes through, the total intensity of light will therefore decrease by 50% when nonpolarized light passes through a linear polarization filter.

Answer 309

multiply M1 x M2

Answer 310

will always be equal to the speed of light when in a vacuum

Answer 311

equals the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material. n = c / v n = refractive index c = speed of light in vacuum v = speed of light in material

Answer 312

indicate the direction and relative strength of E. Begin at positive charges and end at negative charges (they point away from regions of higher voltages and toward regions of lower voltages) POS TO NEG and BIG TO SMALL VOLTAGE E induces positive charges to move in the same direction as the field lines and induces negative charges to move in the opposite direction.

Answer 313

equal to the product of the wavelength and frequency of the sound waves. When sound travels through different mediums, its speed and wavelength may change, but the frequency remains constant.

Answer 314

λ=4L / n n = harmonic number; must be odd when the harmonic series of a pipe is closed at one end because the closed end of a pipe is always a node and the open end is always an antinode.

Answer 315

states that the average molecular kinetic energy of an ideal gas is proportional to the product of Boltzmann's constant kB and the temperature TK in Kelvin according to the equation KE = ((3/2)kB) x TK

Answer 316

refers to passage of light through an array consisting of numerous slits. Diffraction grating may be used to determine the components of polychromatic (eg, white) light and other mixed electromagnetic wavefronts.

Answer 317

half the radius of curvature and is positioned in front of the mirror.

Answer 318

Carbocations are strong electrophiles and a common intermediate in SN1 and E1 reactions. Nearby alkyl groups will stabilize them because they are electron donating Carbocation: tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl Carbanions act as strong nucleophiles due to the lone pair of electrons on the charged carbon. Nearby alkyl groups will destabilize them because they are electron donating. Carbanion: methyl > primary > secondary > tertiary

Answer 319

Eclipsed bonds generate torsional energy due to the steric repulsion of electrons between the aligned groups. Larger alkyl groups generate greater torsional energy for eclipsed bonds. Staggered conformations have Newman projection groups oriented at 60° intervals and are lower energy than eclipsed conformations. Alkyl groups with a θ = 60° (a gauche conformation) exhibit modest torsional energy. the anti conformation (when methyl is far from other functional group, limiting electron- electron repulsion) is the most stable -- want groups to be as far apart as possible

Answer 320

having more alkyl attachments (tertiary) these are favored in SN1

Answer 321

as the electronegativity of a negatively charged atom decreases from right to left across a period on the periodic table, its nucleophilicity increases-- less electronegative atoms stabilize a negative charge less effectively, have a weaker hold on electrons, and more readily donate electrons to an electrophile.

Answer 322

electron withdrawing groups destabilize electron donating groups stabilize Carbocations are stabilized by electron donating groups because they donate electrons to the positively charged carbon; they are destabilized by electron withdrawing groups because they pull electrons away from the carbocation, creating two adjacent positive charges.

Answer 323

is decreased when a molecule is more branched

Answer 324

is decreased when a molecule is more branched

Answer 325

CD spectra is the difference in absorption between left and right handed circularly polarized light absorption differs because of chirality-- will be negative when Aright > A left and positive when Aleft > A right

Answer 326

when an pi electrons grabs an H to generate a carbocation makes an even mixture of primary carbocation and secondary carbocations; the secondary will be more stable

Answer 327

as you add more electron withdrawing groups, will become more acidic

Answer 328

they are good leaving groups and will be used in reactions when you want to replace a poor leaving group The hydroxyl O acts as the nucleophile to attack the S of TsCl, and Cl acts as the leaving group.

Answer 329

keto- enol tautomerization will typically favor keto, except for phenol due to resonance stabilization

Answer 330

cyclical esters

Answer 331

Acyl halide > anhydride (3 Os) > ester > amide weakest base/ most stable leaving group to strongest base/least stable leaving group

Answer 332

a reaction that removes a carboxyl group from a carboxylic acid with a β-carbonyl, releasing the carboxyl group as CO2 gas. A β-carbonyl (two carbons away from other carbonyl) is necessary for decarboxylation because a cyclic transition state incorporating both carbonyls is formed.

Answer 333

a CA derivative-- contains two carbonyl groups linked together by an oxygen atom and is made by the condensation of two CAs

Answer 334

Esters are more reactive than amides due to a stronger electron-withdrawing, inductive effect caused by the greater electronegativity difference between the C and O atoms in esters compared to the C and N atoms in amides. Dipole created by ester increases electrophilicity The amide also can resonate, which makes it less electrophilic

Answer 335

proceed in two steps and involve the formation of a carbocation intermediate

Answer 336

the exchange of alcohol and alkoxy R groups between an ester and an alcohol. break a C-O bond and form a new C-O bond

Answer 337

When carbon atoms are oxidized, they lose bonds to hydrogen and/or gain bonds to oxygen. Therefore, oxidizing agents convert primary alcohols to aldehydes and carboxylic acids, and secondary alcohols to ketones. However, tertiary carbon atoms have no bonds to hydrogen.

Answer 338

deprotonates the most substituted alpha carbon

Answer 339

Kinetic enolates are formed by deprotonation of the least substituted α-carbon of a carbonyl compound using a bulky base, such as LDA at low temperatures. Thermodynamic enolates are formed by deprotonation of the more substituted α-carbon using a small base, such as NaH, at higher temperatures.

Answer 340

NaH at high temperature

Answer 341

LDA at low temperature

Answer 342

Add up both strength values (in diopeters)

Answer 343

helps regulate fatty acid metabolism by inhibiting long-chain fatty acid transport into the mitochondria. Processes that decrease malonyl-CoA levels are likely to increase fatty acid transport to the mitochondria and, as a result, increase beta oxidation.

Answer 344

material used for the synthesis of fatty acids

Answer 345

cornea and lens, both of which form a biological converging lens that focuses incoming light rays onto the retina, a structure analogous to the film or sensor within a camera.

Answer 346

farsightedness a condition that results when the optical power (S) of the eye is insufficient to refract light rays from nearby objects. Cannot sufficiently refract light rays that approach the eye at an angle (eg, light rays from nearby objects), producing an image of nearby objects that is sharpest at a location behind the retina.

Answer 347

by placing a converging lens in front of the eye, forming an optical system with greater optical power. Consequently, placing a corrective lens in front of the hyperopic eye shifts the focal length towards the eye's lens and light from nearby objects is focused onto the retina.

Answer 348

nearsightedness a visual condition in which the eye forms an image of distant objects at a focal point in front of the retina. Correcting myopia (not hyperopia) shifts the image away from the lens.

Answer 349

refers to the optical deficiencies of lenses with perfectly spherical surfaces.

Answer 350

This vibration creates oscillations of compressions (areas of high pressure) and rarefactions (areas of low pressure), resulting in a propagating pressure wave Attenuation (damping) is the decrease in the amplitude (intensity) of a wave due to absorption and scattering. The magnitude of the attenuation depends on the properties of the medium; attenuation is greater for softer materials The speed of sound is slowest in gases, faster in liquids, and fastest in solids. Because sound propagates through the vibrations of the molecules in a medium, sound cannot propagate through a vacuum.

Answer 351

The decibel (dB) scale is logarithmic and relates the perceived loudness of a sound to its actual intensity. ex. For each 10-fold decrease, sound intensity decreases by 10 dB. Therefore, a 100-fold decrease in sound intensity corresponds to a decrease by 20 dB.

Answer 352

period (T) of a wave is the amount of time for one cycle (or one wavelength) to pass through a fixed point. Period is the reciprocal (inverse) of frequency: T=1 / f

Answer 353

The fundamental frequency of standing sound waves in a tube of fixed length depends on whether the pipe is open at both ends or closed at one end. pipe open on both ends will resonate at the fundamental frequency when antinodes are formed at each end. A pipe with one end open will resonate at the fundamental frequency when a node is formed at the closed end and an antinode is formed at the open end. frequency when pipe is closed will be double the frequency of when the pipe is open (fo = 2fc)

Answer 354

number of nodes will tell you the harmonic (can't count nodes for closed ends)

Answer 355

a portion of the wave's energy is reflected. Therefore, sound waves lose energy (are attenuated) and their intensity decreases when passing from air to a solid structure, such as the tympanic membrane. v = λf frequency does not change. Changes in wave velocity cause the wavelength to change: - Velocity increases with temperature. - Velocity is slowest in gases, faster in liquids, and fastest in solids. - Within a phase of matter, velocity increases with stiffness and decreases with density.

Answer 356

The frequency of a sound is associated with its perceived pitch; high-frequency sounds have high pitches. The low-frequency sounds that cause resonance near the apex of the basilar membrane are characterized by low pitches.

Answer 357

L = λ / 2

Answer 358

Hydrogen bonding determines how far a mixture will migrate (stronger hydrogen bonding --> migrate more slowly) solute concentration will affect the size of the spots the thickness of the paper will affect the amount of each component that can be fully separated

Answer 359

distance traveled / distance to the solvent front

Answer 360

amide groups

Answer 361

The first peak will be the least polar and most volatile compound a volatile compound will have weak attractions (likely to vaporize)

Answer 362

Stabilizing a negative charge by adding an electronegative atom Diluting a solution (Le Chat)

Answer 363

Stabilizing a negative charge by adding an electronegative atom Diluting a solution (Le Chat) Adding a basic indicator (increases the amount of dissociated (ionized) acid) To decrease ionization... could add HCl-- as a strong acid, the amount of H+ will be increased and will therefore decrease the percentage of an acid that will ionize

Answer 364

energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the number of photons the intensity of electromagnetic radiation is defined as energy emitted per unit time intensity is directly proportional to the number of photons emitted.

Answer 365

Intermolecular covalent bond; will make a compound more structurally rigid

Answer 366

Aspartic Acid (D) carb acid 2 carbons away from amino group

Answer 367

Glutamic acid (E) carb acid 3 carbons away from amino group

Answer 368

Asparagine (N) has amide

Answer 369

the total cross sectional area of capillaries is larger (since there are more of them in the body); this decreases the velocity of blood

Answer 370

the increased ration of surface area to blood volume in the capillaries compared to arteries means that the blood contacts more blood vessel surface area; this slows down the velocity and drops the blood pressure blood pressure is lower in capillaries than arteries blood travels slower in capillaries than arteries

Answer 371

due to small diameter, capillaries have highest resistance (except for arterioles)

Answer 372

blood flow is inversely proportional to the total cross sectional area

Answer 373

The gas particles have negligible volume. The gas particles are equally sized and do not have intermolecular forces (attraction or repulsion) with other gas particles. The gas particles move randomly in agreement with Newton’s Laws of Motion. The gas particles have perfect elastic collisions with no energy loss.

Answer 374

ATP hydrolysis hydrolyzes ATP Protease cleaves peptide bonds Lipase hydrolyzes triacylglycerides Transferase transfers carboxyl groups

Answer 375

α-1,4-glycosidic bond

Answer 376

Glucose - is sweet like a milk DUD (carbon #234 is down up down) Galactose - in this galaxy DUU you (Carbon #234 down up up) For glycogen I need to know It’s alpha 1,4 bonds ( move 4RWARD) to keep the chain growing And alpha 1,6 = put a branch in the mix (six = mix) Fructose - is fudge (FUD) fructose ( up down for carbon number 2 and 3) -remember fructose is a furanose ring

Answer 377

compounds with negative charges will have decreased dissocation

Answer 378

1 / f = 1 / u + 1 / v f= focal length u= object distance v= image distance

Answer 379

the ratio of the image height to the object height is equal to the ratio of the lens-image distance to the object-lens distance.

Answer 380

yes, they are okay as reducing agents

Answer 381

when E° is greater than 0

Answer 382

J / s = ft x lb / s = kg x m^2 / s ^3.

Answer 383

22.4 L / mol

Answer 384

Will decrease boiling point-- Having fewer H bonds decreases the extent of hydrogen bonding and lowers the energy required to overcome the intermolecular attractions.

Answer 385

ΔG is the difference between products and reactants Ea is the difference between the reactants and the top of the transition state

Answer 386

k=Ae^(−Ea/RT) (k = rate constant of the reaction; A = constant that represents the collision frequency and structural factors specific to the reactants; The exponential term e^((−Ea)/(RT)) corresponds to the fraction of collisions with enough kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy Ea at a given temperature T. R is the gas constant (8.314 J∙mol^−1∙K^−1).) The collision theory of kinetics assumes that molecules must collide for a reaction to occur. The collisions must have enough kinetic energy to overcome the activation energy. Arrhenius equation describes this concept mathematically.

Answer 387

Buffers consist of a mixture of either a weak acid and a salt of its conjugate base, or a weak base and a salt of its conjugate acid. ex. CH3COOH(weak acid) and CH3COONa (Na acts as salt)

Answer 388

Remember a BL base is a hydrogen acceptor HNO3 molecule that is accepting! not the one that accepted

Answer 389

oxidation occurs at the anode reduction occurs at the cathode - electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.

Answer 390

A large Ka and a small pKa will indicate a strong acid pKa = -log Ka

Answer 391

the angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence, irrespective of the refractive index on either side of the media interface θi=θr

Answer 392

Inertia refers to the ability of an object in motion to stay in motion and an object at rest to stay at rest. An object's inertia depends on its mass and is also proportional to the maximum static friction force it experiences when stationary. Therefore, a stationary object with a large inertia could remain stationary when another smaller object strikes it.

Answer 393

occurs when the net external force acting on an object is equal to zero. This does not imply that no forces are acting on the object, but rather that all forces acting on the object are balanced two forms: Static equilibrium occurs when the object has zero velocity, and dynamic equilibrium occurs when the object has a constant nonzero velocity.

Answer 394

states that work W done by a force on an object can be calculated as the change in the object's kinetic energy ΔKE.

Answer 395

mechanical waves that propagate at a frequency above the upper bound of the human auditory spectrum (~20 kHz). One example is shock wave therapies which use high frequency waves to cause destructive, high amplitude vibrations; to be most effective, frequency of the shock waves should match the resonance frequency of the target structure

Answer 396

T = r x F When in static rotational equilibrium, there is no net rotational movement, and the sum of all torques is zero.

Answer 397

kg / m⋅s^2 is equivalent to N / m^2

Answer 398

the ratio of the output force Fo to the input force Fi and. due to the conservation of energy, also equal to the ratio of distances Fo / Fi = di / do where di and do are the distances from the pivot point to the input and output forces

Answer 399

The cosine function takes the parallel component of a vector, and its magnitude is lowest at 90

Answer 400

The sine function takes the perpendicular component of a vector, and its magnitude is greatest when θ is 90°

Answer 401

the total energy (U) of an object is quantified by the sum of kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE): U=KE+PE Conservation of energy requires that an object's total energy observed between two points (A and B) remains the same, but contributions from potential energy may convert to kinetic energy (or vice versa) within mechanical systems: 1/2 mvA^2 + mghA=1/2 mvB^2 + mghB

Answer 402

potential energy measures the potential of conservative forces to do work, the change in potential energy (ΔU) relative to this point is equal and opposite to the work (W) done by conservative forces within the system

Answer 403

The kinetic energy would be converted into potential energy

Answer 404

hotter; because of the high energy Objects with high energy have a higher temperature and emit EM waves with relatively higher frequencies and energy.

Answer 405

circuits exhibit conservation of energy around a closed path (loop) in the circuit, in which the direction of the path matches the direction of the current in the loop. As a result, Kirchhoff's loop rule states that the sum of the voltage drops V around any closed loop in a circuit equals zero: ∑i=1nVi=V1+V2+⋯Vn=0

Answer 406

Unknown currents in different branches of a circuit can be found by applying the junction rule, which states that total current entering a junction must equal the total current exiting the junction. Ohm's law and the loop rule (the sum of all the electric potential differences around a loop is zero) are used to determine voltage and resistor values.

Answer 407

Fc=mv^2 / r n uniform circular motion the instantaneous velocity vector is always tangent to the circular path. The inertia of the object wants it to continue going straight, but this is stopped by the centripetal force, which is always pointed radially inwards.

Answer 408

lower n = c / v

Answer 409

As a wave propagates, it carries energy from one location to another. The energy contained in a wave is directly proportional to the square of its amplitude but is independent of the wavelength and frequency. When a wave moves from one medium to another, the amplitude and wavelength change but the frequency of the wave remains constant.

Answer 410

no - Wavelength and amplitude depend on the type of medium, but frequency is independent of the medium.

Answer 411

For a floating object, the fraction submerged is equal to the ratio of the object's density to the fluid's density: fraction submerged= ρobject / ρfluid

Answer 412

The current entering and exiting a resistor remains the same because electric charge is always conserved.

Answer 413

According to Archimedes principle, a submerged object experiences an upward buoyant force FB due to the displaced fluid. Therefore, an object will appear to weigh less than its in-air weight Wair when submerged in water, given by the object's apparent weight Wapparent: FB=Wair−Wapparent buoyant force experienced by the individual is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, which is the product of the density of water ρ, the displaced volume V, and the gravitational acceleration g: FB=ρVg

Answer 414

the ratio of its density to the density of water: specific gravity=ρsubstance / ρwater

Answer 415

for an object fully immersed in two different fluids (1 and 2), the ratio of buoyant forces is equal to the ratio of fluid densities: FB,1 / FB,2 = ρ1V1g / ρ2V2g = ρ1 / ρ2

Answer 416

the pressure exerted by the weight of a static (nonmoving) fluid. The magnitude of P is the product of the fluid density ρ, the gravitational acceleration g, and the height h of the fluid above the point of interest: P=ρgh

Answer 417

μk= FA / mg

Answer 418

If the object is sliding with constant velocity on a flat surface, the coefficient of kinetic friction is calculated from the force applied to the object and the mass of the object.

Answer 419

cardiac output is the volume of blood the heart pumps in 1 minute. It is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume of the heart and the heart rate.

Answer 420

average kinetic energy

Answer 421

Ideal fluids are totally nonviscous and incompressible; they exhibit smooth, laminar flow without viscosity. Bernoulli's equation dictates that an increase in the velocity of an ideal fluid is accompanied by a decrease in fluid pressure.

Answer 422

normal force

Answer 423

The kinetic friction force between two surfaces is proportional to the normal force exerted by the surfaces. For an object on a ramp, the normal force is equal to the perpendicular component of object's weight, which decreases as the angle of inclination increases.

Answer 424

Vx= V⋅cos θ Vy= V⋅sin θ

Answer 425

When a battery is charging, it functions as an electrolytic cell because an external potential drives the oxidation-reduction reaction to proceed in a nonspontaneous direction (ie, ΔG > 0; Ecell < 0). When charging a battery, an external positive electric potential must be applied to force the spontaneous (ΔG < 0) oxidation-reduction reaction in the nonspontaneous (ΔG > 0) direction. The net ΔG for the system must be negative to charge the battery.

Answer 426

In either case, oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction occurs at the cathode, and electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.

Answer 427

When a battery is discharging, it behaves as a galvanic cell; when it is charging, it behaves as an electrolytic cell.

Answer 428

The equilibrium constant Keq expresses the relationship between products and reactants at equilibrium. When temperature increases, Keq decreases for exothermic (ΔH° < 0) reactions and increases for endothermic (ΔH° > 0) reactions.

Answer 429

As a polar compound, water is an efficient solvent due to its ability to interact with other polar or charged compounds. The polar nature of water is due to the difference in the electronegativities of oxygen and hydrogen, along with a bent geometry. The small size of the water molecule allows efficient interactions with solutes, forming a hydration shell around and dissolving them.

Answer 430

intermolecular forces between molecules. These interactions are affected by the presence of solutes. As a colligative property, the extent of freezing point depression of a solution is a function of the amount of solute added.

Answer 431

According to Raoult's law, the vapor pressure of a liquid decreases (dashed line) at any given temperature when solute is added. Briny water will therefore need to be heated to a higher temperature for its vapor pressure to reach the same ambient pressure and begin to boil. Therefore, the boiling temperature (boiling point) of briny water is higher than that of pure water under the same atmospheric conditions.

Answer 432

I = 1 / r^2 intensity is inversely proportional to squared distance

Answer 433

ERadio waves < EMicrowaves < EInfrared light < EVisible light < EUltraviolet light < EX-rays < EGamma rays

Answer 434

Yes, X-ray diffraction through a sample of a purified and crystallized material can be used to determine its three-dimensional molecular structure and packing

Answer 435

the medium it travels in (specifically the medium's temperature, elasticity, and density)

Answer 436

λn=2L / n

Answer 437

λn=2L / n

Answer 438

Amplitude Mechanical waves with a higher amplitude carry greater energy than waves with a lower amplitude.

Answer 439

occurs when lenses with perfectly rounded surfaces focus light at multiple focal points. Spherical aberration is most pronounced among light rays entering and exiting the periphery of converging lenses.

Answer 440

occurs when lenses with perfectly rounded surfaces focus light at multiple focal points. Spherical aberration is most pronounced among light rays entering and exiting the periphery of converging lenses.

Answer 441

involve the displacement of one group for another on a carbonyl carbon.

Answer 442

Substitution reactions involve the displacement of one group by another. Addition reactions involve two groups adding across a pi bond, consuming the pi bond in the process. Elimination reactions involve the loss of two groups from adjacent carbon atoms and the formation of a new pi bond.

Answer 443

Steric effects - size or proximity of functional groups near a reaction center, where larger groups tend to decrease the rate of reaction. Electronic effects - molecular features involving electron density, including polarity, resonance, or conjugation. The major players in electronic effects are lone pairs or pi bonds.

Answer 444

A soap is a sodium carboxylate salt of a fatty acid. Soaps can be produced through basic hydrolysis of fatty acyl–containing lipids like triacylglycerols or phospholipids. The number of unique soap molecules that can be generated is dependent on the number of unique fatty acyl groups (hydrocarbon tail connected to carbonyl) in the source lipid.

Answer 445

NP-HPLC consists of a polar stationary phase and a nonpolar mobile phase (non polar elutes faster) RP-HPLC consists of a nonpolar stationary phase and a polar mobile phase. Molecules with polarity similar to the stationary phase interact with it more and have longer retention times. (nonpolar retained longer, polar elutes faster)

Answer 446

Molecules with UV chromophores (double and triple bonds, carbonyls, conjugated systems) p.s. UV excites electrons into a higher energy state

Answer 447

yes, must heat slowly so they can be separated by boiling points

Answer 448

First, determine which of the reactants is rate limiting by calculating the moles of both reactants (use mol ratios), then convert to grams to get theoretical yeild

Answer 449

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium, and one is in thermal equilibrium with a third system, all three systems will be in equilibrium

Answer 450

Static Friction = Normal Force x Static Friction coefficient. Uk = Fs / FN

Answer 451

On a sliding ramp: FN=FWcosθ FN= mg Kinetic friction = Uk x FN = Fwsinθ

Answer 452

Zeff = Z – S Z = nuclear charge S = core electrons The core electrons partially shield the valence electrons, decreasing the nuclear charge

Answer 453

In aqueous solutions, strong acids ionize essentially 100%, giving large values of Ka and high [H+]. Weak acids ionize only to a small extent, giving small values of Ka and [H+] that are much lower than the concentration of the non-ionized acid.

Answer 454

Alkali metals

Answer 455

Alkaline earth metals highly reactive family of metals with only two valence electrons that are readily lost to form cations with an oxidation state of +2. Alkaline-earth metals react with water to form hydrogen gas and either a basic hydroxide or an oxide, and the reactivity increases with increasing atomic number.

Answer 456

It is a 1:1 ratio; Faraday's constant is 9x10^4

Answer 457

the total number of electrons released from the oxidation half-reaction must equal the total number of electrons used by the reduction half-reaction.

Answer 458

hydrolysis requires water dehydration loses a water molecule

Answer 459

Imines are formed from a ketone or aldehyde and NH3 or a primary amine via an acid-catalyzed addition of the amine followed by an acid-catalyzed dehydration.

Answer 460

when weak acids are added to a mixture.

Answer 461

Amines are weak bases that require strong acids to be protonated. Phenols are weak acids that are only deprotonated by strong bases.

Answer 462

mass number - protons (atomic number)

Answer 463

Elements with a lower first ionization energy are easier to ionize and more reactive than elements with a higher ionization energy. (Ionization energy has the same trend as electronegativity)

Answer 464

electrons move around the nucleus in fixed circular orbits at particular intervals. Electrons in orbits farther from the nucleus have higher energy! Energy equal to the difference between two orbits is absorbed by an electron moving to a higher orbit and is emitted by an electron moving to a lower orbit.

Answer 465

If [X]^c[Y]^d < Ksp, the solution has not reached the solubility limit and will permit more ions into solution (dissolution). if [X]^c[Y]^d > Ksp, the solubility limit of the solution has been exceeded and the solution will not accept any more ions (precipitation). This will cause any ions in excess of the Ksp to come out of solution as a precipitate!

Answer 466

relates k value and conc of reactants

Answer 467

An exothermic reaction (-ΔH°) releases heat. increasing the temperature causes the reaction to shift toward the reactants (ie, Keq decreases) to compensate for the heat gain in accordance with Le Châtelier's principle. An endothermic reaction (+ΔH°) absorbs heat. increasing the temperature causes the reaction to shift toward products (ie, Keq increases).

Answer 468

PV=nRT where P is the pressure, V is the volume occupied, n is the number of moles, T is the absolute temperature (in Kelvin!!!!!), and R is a constant.

Answer 469

The power dissipated in a circuit is the product of current and voltage. (P=IR) In a parallel circuit, the branch with the lowest resistance has the largest current and the largest power dissipation.

Answer 470

no- sound waves are mechanical and require a medium;

Answer 471

no- sound waves are mechanical and require a medium;

Answer 472

Will impact the molecules that are able to become protonated/deprotonated and therefore decrease the amount of these molecules in solution

Answer 473

If the Ksp is small, then small changes to [A2+] or [X−] have a much larger impact than would be the case if the Ksp were large.

Answer 474

The relative speed between two objects depends on their directions of motion. The minimum relative speed occurs when two objects move in the same direction, and the maximum relative speed occurs when two objects move in opposite directions.

Answer 475

buoyant force experienced by an object floating at the surface is equal to the weight of the object

Answer 476

is the bending of light around physical corners or very narrow gaps

Answer 477

the spreading of light into its different frequencies (colors) due to differences in the index of refraction for different frequencies of light.

Answer 478

aligns transverse electromagnetic radiation along a specific orientation, such as vertical, horizontal, etc.

Answer 479

1.6 x 10^-19

Answer 480

Steroids are classified as nonhydrolyzable lipids because they do not contain any hydrolyzable ester or amide linkages.

Answer 481

two carbonyls (H bond acceptors) will elute furthest; weakest interactions with stationary phase and fastest migration one hydroxyl group (H bond donor + acceptor) and one carbonyl will elute the second fastest two hydroxyl groups (H bond donor + acceptor) have strongest interactions and slowest migration

Answer 482

two carbonyls (H bond acceptors) will elute furthest; weakest interactions with stationary phase and fastest migration one hydroxyl group (H bond donor + acceptor) and one carbonyl will elute the second fastest two hydroxyl groups (H bond donor + acceptor) have strongest interactions and slowest migration

Answer 483

made up of a nonpolar hydrocarbon chain with a polar carboxyl head group, and can be classified as either saturated or unsaturated.

Answer 484

The surface tension of a liquid is a result of strong cohesive forces between its molecules. Surface tension creates a tendency to decrease exposed surface area due to a net inward force at the surface molecules.

Answer 485

Current flow is equal through all elements of a series circuit.

Answer 486

P = I V the product of the current and voltage.

Answer 487

an intrinsic property of a fluid that characterizes the amount of friction resisting motion inside the fluid itself.

Answer 488

Occurs when a species absorbs high-frequency light and then returns to its ground state in multiple steps. Each step has less energy than the absorbed light and is within the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum. can occur when the absorbed radiation has a photon energy larger than the photon energy of the radiation emitted through fluorescence.

Answer 489

Yes- electric field lines are used to denote the direction that a positive charge would be accelerated in an electric field. (point toward negative)

Answer 490

represents a space that exerts a force on charged particles. The magnitude of a uniform electric field E is the voltage difference V divided by the distance d of the field: E=ΔV/d

Answer 491

transfer of heat from skin into environment

Answer 492

transfer of heat from tissues to skin

Answer 493

1.6 x 10^-19

Answer 494

y-axis representing ion abundance and the x-axis representing the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). remember, peaks represent ionized fragments

Chem/Phys Flashcards

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