Chem-Phys Flashcards

Question

If 2-methylundecanal and 2-methylundecanoic acid are separated by distillation, which compound would be found in the collecting flask and which would be found in the initial boiling flask?

Answer 1

• distillation separates compounds based on difference in BP w/the lower BP molecule evaporating off first ∴ ... **-Collection Flask** = 2-methylundecanal -**Boiling Flask** = 2-methylundecanoic acid

Answer 2

v = √2gh

Answer 3

for a carbon to be a tetrahedral stereocenter, it must be bonded to 4 different substituents

Answer 4

* Fnet = √(Fnormal^2) + (Fturn^2) * Fturn is ⊥ to Fnormal ∴ resultant = Fnet

Answer 5

- a H+ will only produce a visible inflection point if the H is relatively strong (low pKa) - pka1 vs. pka2 must differ by at least a factor of 10^4

Answer 6

1) Mb x Vb = Ma x Va = moles acid 2) determine volume of NaOH at the inflection pt of the titration curve (middle of steep portions) and use the concentration to determine the number of moles of NaOH at the inflection point. Mol OH = Mol Captopril

Answer 7

**1) Newton's 1st Law**: states thaat within a reference frame, an object remains at rest or at a constant velocity unless an external force acts upon it • Fnet = 0 ; at equillibrium **2) Newton's 2nd Law**: Fnet = ma **3) Newton's 3rd Law**: when body A exerts a force on body B, body B exerts and equal and opposite force on body A • Fa on b = -Fb on a

Answer 8

if error bars overlap between data points that are being compared, then the difference between those pts. is NOT SIGNIFICANT

Answer 9

- within the ETC, e- are passed from species w/less positive reduction potential to those w/more positive reduction potential - O2 = final e- acceptor—»∴ possess most postive standard reduction potential

Answer 10

- tendency for a species to spontaneously become reduced * defined relative to standard hydrogen electrode (2H+(aq) + 2e-(aq) —» H2(g)) * **Units**: volts - **(+) Eº** —» stubstance 'wants' to be reduced - **(–) Eº** —» substance not prone to reduction - **Eº Cell = Eºcathode + Eºanode** [total standard potential generated by a galvanic cell]

Answer 11

**1) Cathode (+)** —» electrode where reduction occurs **2) Anode (–)** —» electrode where oxidation occurs

Answer 12

- at 50% efficiency, only 26 kcal/mol could be used to produce ATP - 3 ATP —» 1 ATP (7.3 kcal/mol) x 3 = 22 kcal/mol ∴ enough energy would be produced to generate 3 ATP from the e-pair from NADH

Answer 13

- refractive index (n) helps reference how a waves speed will change within different mediums releative to it's speed in a vaccum - n = c/v (v=velocity through medium, c=speed of light)

Answer 14

- relates how the propagation speed of a wave changes from one medium to another —» relates the refractive index to how much the light bends upon entering the new mediuim - n1sin(Ø1) = n2sin(Ø2)

Answer 15

- ∆Hf (heat of formation) = energy required for the formation of a molecule - lower ∆Hf = quicker rxn rate

Answer 16

RSE —» (–) RSE = greater stabilization

Answer 17

∆Hrxn = ∑∆Hf [products] - ∑∆Hf [reactants]

Answer 18

**Enthalpy** = heat energy in a system **Entropy** = energy in a closed system that is unavailable to do work

Answer 19

- carbocations are unstable b/c of high concentration of positive charge ∴ substituents that contribute e- density to the carbocation will charge balance the carbocation - EWGs pull e- densityt away from carbocation, further decreasing its stability

Answer 20

1) ∆G = ∆H - T∆S 2) YES. If ∆S is a large, (+) number, then it could make the overall ∆G of a rxn (–)

Answer 21

**Power**: refers to the ability of a study design to detect a real statistically significant effect, and it is primarily affected by the size of the study and the size of the effect - larger sample = more power

Answer 22

• **Capacitance (C)**: C = εA/d - A: area of plates - d: distance btwn plates • Medical applications of capacitors (i.e. defibrillators to store charge and electrical PE)

Answer 23

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 10^5 Pa

Answer 24

**HR:** when a molecule serves as a substrate for it's target enzyme, as well as a regulatory molecule of the enzyme's activity - O2 = homotropic allosteric modulator of Hb - HR is what causes Hb graph to have sigmoidal shape

Answer 25

- Hp for liquids remains linear b/c the density of the fluid doesnt change at different depths - the density of gases vary depending on the forces applied to them—»gases are compressible while liquids are not

Answer 26

- phase change from gas to solid - exothermic

Answer 27

- b/c acetic acid = weak acid, and NaOH = strong base, the pH at the titration endpoint would be expected to be greater than 7

Answer 28

NaVa = NbVb - N: normality (mol/L)—»molarity must be converted to normality for polyprotic acids/polyvalent bases

Answer 29

* P=Wt * W = P/t = (50J/s)/(300s) = 150 kJ

Answer 30

1. (0.5^n) = % remaining [n: # 1/2 lives] 2. 250/2000 = 1/8 (1/8) = (1/2)^n

Answer 31

MA = hypotenuse/height

Answer 32

(0.95)^9 = 0.63 ≈ 60% \*\*only raised to a power of 9 b/c the cycle would only be run 9 times for a 10 AA peptide

Answer 33

\*\*UNITS\*\* ## Footnote * Q = Av * v = Q/A * (4E^-4) / (5E^-6) = 8E^-2 (m/s)

Answer 34

1. Converts pyruvate—»acetyl CoA -generates 1 NADH 2. complex of 3 enxymes a) pyruvate dehydrogenase b) dihydrolipoyl transacetylase c) dihydrolipyl dehydrogenase 3. Requires 5 coenzymes: a) TPP b) FAD c) NAD d) CoA e) lipolate

Answer 35

1. amphipathic molecules (hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail) 2. surfactant adsorbs to air-water-alveoli interface—»reducing surface tension and total force resisting expansion • elastic recoil force of the airway and surface tension of water lining the airway oppose expansion of alveoli—»surfactant reduces the force needed to expand alveoli

Answer 36

1. contraction of diaphram & external intercostal muscles—»results in dec. in intrapleural pressure (neg. presure) 2. Neg. presure (rel. to Patm at entry to airway) causes airflow through respiratory tract to end at alveoli

Answer 37

∆G = G(l) - G(s) ∆G = ∆H -T∆S * ∆H = enthalpy of formation * ∆S = entropy of formation

Answer 38

1. principle quantum number (n): energy level of the e- •higher n = higher energy 2. Angular (azimuthal) momentum # (l): subshell of n •l = n–1 • s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3 3. Magnetic quantom # (ml): •ml = (-l), 0, (+l) 4. Spin quantum number (ms): spin orientation •ms = +/- 1/2

Answer 39

En = -Rh/(n^2) Rh (Rydberg Constant) = different for each element

Answer 40

1. Range = [400nm - 700nm] * 400nm = purple (high energy) * 700nm = red (low energy)

Answer 41

1. Ratio = 1:1 •the atomic mass of an atom doesnt change when B- decay takes place b/c the transition from neutron to proton has a negligible change in atomic mass

Answer 42

**sp orbital**—»shorter wavelength emissions correspond to higher energy electromagnetic emmissions ∴ b/c it would require the most energy to eject an electron from an sp orbital, it would have the shortest wavelength

Answer 43

Hz, Frequency s^-1

Answer 44

N, Force, kg m/s^2

Answer 45

Pa, Pressure, N/m^2

Answer 46

J, Work/Energy, Nm

Answer 47

Nm, Torque

Answer 48

W, Power, J/s

Answer 49

V, Electric potential, J/C

Answer 50

F, Capacitance, C/V

Answer 51

(Omega), Resistance, V/A

Answer 52

You don't need this, seriously

Answer 53

T, Magnetic field

Answer 54

- NO—» Y32 fluorescent intensity ratio of peaks is a reflection of its ATP-ADP ratio - use of ratio = intrinsic normalization—»∴ doesnt matter how many biomolecules are in the sample, the ratio provides normalization that makes the values reliable

Answer 55

an inc. in wavelength corresponds to a dec. in energy —» loss of energy occurs when e- returns to ground state b/c it was excited w/the same amount of energy that would have produced the first emission spectrum .

Answer 56

pH will change over time in a cell, and changes to emission spectrum might be reflection of the change in pH and not whatever it is supposed to be indicating

Answer 57

MW = 10^n [Da]

Answer 58

- 2.3 - if it were a strong acid then pH = 1 - if [HA] = [A-] then pH = pKa = 3.5

Answer 59

1. galvanic cell = spontaneous rxn 2. cell potentials (Eº) always \> 0 [i.e.(+)] 3. if given the reduction potential for both components of the galvonic cell—»reverse the sign of the less positive reduction potential (i.e. oxidation potential) •then simply add the ox/red potentials directly —» Eº = Eºr + Eºo

Answer 60

* C = Q/V = κε₀A/d * k = dialectric constant * [κ ∝ C] —» Q_κ = 4Q₀ when dialectric constant is added to a capacitor * ε₀ = constant (not needed for MCAT) * A = area of the plates * d = distance between plates * **Capacitantce must always be (+)** * Unit: farads (F) * q: coulomb (C) * V: volt (V)

Answer 61

1. "-ous": acids have 1 fewer O atam than "-ic" counterpart acid 2. Ex: Phosphorous Acid (H3PO3) vs. Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)

Answer 62

1. Ksp (solubility product) = [A-]^2[B^2+] * (A-) & (B2+) = two ions of aq ionic compound * ion concentration raised to the power of its stoichiometric coefficient 2. High Ksp=more soluble | Low Ksp = less soluble

Answer 63

1. leg absorbing KE and converts to elastic potential enerfy 2. KE = 1/2kx^2 • k = 2KE/x^2 | k = 25,000 N/m

Answer 64

1. direct relationship (when pressure is constant) 2. V1/T1 = V2/T2 • T must be in Kelvin (K)

Answer 65

Vaporizes the compounds. The first peaks exhibit the lowest molecular weight and intermolecular forces.

Answer 66

The strength of the eye lens is given as the inverse of the focal length of the eye lens. 1/O + 1/I = S . O stands for the distance someone can see objects. I is the lens to retina distance.

Answer 67

It is equal to the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum / the speed of light in the medium

Answer 68

The number of photons emitted

Answer 69

Threonine has a secondary alcohol while serine has a primary alcohol

Answer 70

The a-1,4-glycosidic linkage of an individual glucose molecule to the main chain of glycogen

Answer 71

1/o + 1/i = 1/f . You can calculate the distance (i) of an image if you know F and O. The height of an image is the ratio of i/o o: object distance i: image distance f: focal length

Answer 72

An increase in entropy and more disorder as if 2 reactants became 3 products

Answer 73

The reaction will still occur, but the products will be contaminated with the catalyst

Answer 74

HCl, HNO3, HI, HClO4, HClO3

Answer 75

KOH, NaOH, Ba(OH)2, CsOH, Sr(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, LiOH, RbOH

Answer 76

E=hc/(1/ye-1/yf)

Answer 77

Kcat = Vmax/[E]

Answer 78

Excitation of bound electrons

Answer 79

The time it takes for half of all the radioactive nuclei to decay into their daughter nuclei

Answer 80

gamma-Phosphate

Answer 81

A sigmoidal curve

Answer 82

Venturi effect

Answer 83

G-C bonds exhibit a higher π-stacking strength

Answer 84

Phospholipids consist of a glycerol molecule with two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate group modified by an alcohol. Storage lipids have three fatty acid tails ester linked to a single glycerol

Answer 85

Lone pair donors

Answer 86

A lewis acid-base interaction between a metal cation and an electron pair donor

Answer 87

NH3 because it is a much stronger base

Answer 88

The number of molecules that coordinate covalent bond to a central metal cation

Answer 89

pH=pKa+log[base/acid] ; 10^-1=.1

Answer 90

Ksp=[Ca][CO3] ; if the Ksp is 4.9\*10^-9 then [Ca] is the sqrt of that: 7\*10^-5

Answer 91

A difference of 20dB is 2 factors of 10 so 100 times more intense

Answer 92

Chemical to electrical to thermal energy

Answer 93

Hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens

Answer 94

M = -di/do . to the left of the lens the image has a negative value

Answer 95

To the opposite side of the lens as the object

Answer 96

1. [∆f/f = -v/c] 2. sound waves travel slower (lower v) than radio waves – ∆f inversly dependent on the speed of the wave in the medium it propogates – ∴ since the v of sound \< v of radio —» the same relative velocity will produce shifts in frequency and wavelength that are much greater for sound than radio waves

Answer 97

E = (V – IR) / L

Answer 98

incident photons affects only the # of e- ejected (NOT THEIR ENERGIES) —» inc. the # of incident photons = inc. # e- ejected

Answer 99

molecules with the lowest molecular weight and weakest intermolecular forces of attraction will migrate the fastest and become the first peak

Answer 100

molecules with the lowest molecular weight and weakest intermolecular forces of attraction will migrate the fastest and become the first peak

Answer 101

1. individual molecular volume and intermolecular forces are negligible 2. One mole of gas occupies a volume of 22.4L at 0ºC at 1atm

Answer 102

No change to oxidation state—»acid/base rxns dont affect oxidation # of an atom

Answer 103

1eV = 1.6E-19 J

Answer 104

oxidation of a 3º alc is unlikely b/c it involves breaking a C-C bond (very difficult)

Answer 105

N(R)3 —» R = C or H

Answer 106

U = (1/2)CV² C = Capacitance V = Voltage

Answer 107

f' \> f before passing the horn, f' \< f after passing it

Answer 108

SI UNIT: Watts 1W = J/s = V•Amp

Answer 109

**1. P = W/t** * W = work * t = time **2. P = VI** * V = voltage * I = current **3. P = Fv** * F = force (N) * v = velocity (m/s)

Answer 110

1. Heats of Combustion—»the energy released when something is burned. When you have more -CH2 groups, then there is more energy released when burning it 2. Only in isomers does the branching effect play a significant role. 3. More ring strain = higher heat of combustion

Answer 111

AE = [the energy of the activated complex] – [the energy of the reactants]

Answer 112

1. initial velocity is measured under steady-state conditions 2. the concentration of enzyme is lower than that of substrate 3. solution pH remains constant at all substrate concentrations

Answer 113

the pH at which the fraction of folded DNA is 0.5

Answer 114

C: Na2CO3 is a bronsted base

Answer 115

±1 pH value

Answer 116

1. Vmax/(Etotal) 2. turnover number (s^-1)

Answer 117

Measure of enzyme's catalytic efficiency

Answer 118

1. represents the maximum rate achieved by the system (at saturating substrate concentrations) 2. Units: mol/s

Answer 119

1. I = flow of charge/unit time • I = [charge(q)]/[time(t)] 2. Unit: Ampere [C/s]

Answer 120

1. Graded potentials are brought about by external stimuli (in sensory neurons) or by neurotransmitters released in synapses, where they cause graded potentials in the post-synaptic cell. 2. occur in the cell body and dendrites (not axon) 3. no refractory period 4. summed over time (temporal summation) and accross space (spatial summation) 5. no refractory periods 6. ion channels responsible for graded potentials may be ligand-gated (i.e. NTs), mechanosensitive, or temperature sensitive

Answer 121

1. absorbance is directly proportional to concentration 2. any absorbance greater than 1 —» then the proportionality starts to change

Answer 122

1. Epidermis: outermost layer of skin—»provides waterproof barrier and skin tone 2. Dermis: connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands 3. Hypodermis: subcutaneous tissue made of fat and connective tissue

Answer 123

1. composed of keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium—»lacks vasculature 2. Layers: 1. **stratum corneum**: dead cells filled with keratin 2. **Stratum lucidum**: thin layer of cells is found only in the thick skin of the palms, soles, and digits 3. **Stratum granulosum:** Lamellar granules 4. **stratum spinosum:** 1. join the cells via a structure called a desmosome. 2. contians keratinocytes & langerhan cells 5. **stratum basale:** 1. deepest epidermal layer and attaches the epidermis to the basal lamina 2. Merkel cells—»functions as a receptor for stimulating sensory nerves for touch 3. Melanocyte—»produce pigment melanin

Answer 124

1. **Papillary Layer:** made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and elastin fibers of this layer form a loose mesh 1. contains fibroblasts, fat cells, small blood vessels, lymphatic capillaries, phagocytes, and Meissner corpuscles 2. **Reticular Layer:** composed of dense, irregular connective tissue 1. well vascularized 2. elastin fibers provide elasticity to skin, collagen fibers provide tensile strength

Answer 125

1. subcutaneous layer that serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles 2. well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation

Answer 126

**Imine—»** nitrogen atom connected to a carbon atom w/a double bond

Answer 127

1. **inducible system**: repressor is bound in the abscence of lactose 1. w/lactose—»allolactose bind repressor and transcription can occur

Answer 128

* **it would not change** * enzymes inc. the _rate_ of a rxn, but dont change the _thermodynamic properties_—» ∴ enzymes dont change the free energy of a rxn

Answer 129

* **Q = V/t = Ad/t = Av** * Q = volume flow rate * A = cross-sectional area * v = speed of fluid

Answer 130

closer to the lens than the focal pt = virtual image

Answer 131

* **M = -d_i/d_o** * d_i = distance of image * d_o = distance of object [https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/thin-lens-quiz-passage-1](https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/thin-lens-quiz-passage-1)

Answer 132

* **P = 1/f** * **P =** lens strength * f = focal point (MUST BE IN _METERS)_ * _Unit_ = **Diopeter (m^-1)** _[https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/thin-lens-quiz-passage-1](https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/thin-lens-quiz-passage-1)_

Answer 133

* **Objective:** real, inverted, enlarged * **Eyepiece:** virtual, inverted, enlarged [https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/analysis-of-image-production-by-the-human-eye](https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/analysis-of-image-production-by-the-human-eye)

Answer 134

* h_i/h_o = (–)d_i/d_o * (h_i)/(1.8m) = (.02m)/(3m) * **h_i = .036/3 = _0.012m_** [https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/analysis-of-image-production-by-the-human-eye](https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/analysis-of-image-production-by-the-human-eye)

Answer 135

* 1/f = 1/i + 1/o, so **P = 1/i + 1/o.** * _P at closest distance:_ P = 1/.25 + 1/0.02 = 4 + 50 = 54 * _P at farthest distance_: P = 1/∞ + 1/0.02 = 0 + 50 = 50 * **Range in Power of the Eye** = [54 - 50] = **_4 Diopeters_** [**_https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/analysis-of-image-production-by-the-human-eye_**](https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/analysis-of-image-production-by-the-human-eye)

Answer 136

* **Shorter wavelengths experience a greater index of refraction, so blue converges closer to the lens than red.** * The refractive index tends to decrease with increasing wavelength and subsequently increase with frequency. * Blue experiences a greater index of refraction and travels more slowly in the material, & red experiences the lowest index of refraction and travels more quickly. * **Since blue experiences the greater refractive index, blue will converge closer to the lens than red will**

Answer 137

* the change of index of refraction with wavelength *

Answer 138

1. **emmetropia:** eye w/no refractive errors 2. **Myopia:** nearsightedness—»focus nearby obj. but not distant obj. 3. **Hyperopia:** farsightedness—»focus on distant obj. but not nearby obj.

Answer 139

1. myopia results when the **focal length** of eye is less than the **axial length** 1. ∴ anything that _shortens focal length_ or _lengthens axial length_ = myopia 2. **inc. in diameter of pupil**—»only inc. amt of light entering eye, doesnt affect axial or focal length 1. inc. curvature of cornea or inc. refractive index = shortened focal length

Answer 140

* hyperopia: **focal length** of eye is _greater than_ **axial length** * **converging lens—»** refract light before it enters eye and allows light to converge at the retina

Answer 141

* P = [1/d_o] + [1/d_i] * 1/d_i = 599/10 * m = -d_i/d_o * m = [–(10/599)/10] = -1/599 * -d_i/d_o = h_i/h_o = -1/599 * h_i = -1/599 ≈ **_-1/600_** * [**(-)** means that img. is **inverted**] [https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/the-refraction-of-light-through-the-human-eye](https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/physical-sciences-practice/physical-sciences-practice-tut/e/the-refraction-of-light-through-the-human-eye)

Answer 142

If an object is moving away from a reciever will **_decrease_** in pitch, while objects moving towards a receiver will **_increase_** in pitch.

Answer 143

* speed is constant ∴ the Doppler shift is constant and the **frequency remains constant** * intensity of signal inc. as US approaches person ∴ **volume inc.**

Answer 144

1. I = P/A 1. P = Power (W) 2. A = Cross Sectional Area (m²) = 4πr² 2. I ∝ 1/r²

Answer 145

* convex mirrors **always** produce **_virtual_ & _right side up images_** * images outside of **f** & **C** will focus parallell light rays to the prinicipal axis—»all rays converge at **f**

Answer 146

* atomic radius = **inc.** (down and left along periodic table) * electronegativity = **dec.** (down and left along the periodic table)

Answer 147

**K⁺** —» contains most [H+] atoms = stronger attractive force and ∴ smallest radius

Answer 148

* alkali metals & alkaline earth metals * alkali metals = most volatile b/c small 1st ionization energy

Answer 149

* isoelectric species have same # of electrons * ex: Cl^- & Ca²⁺

Answer 150

1. Gram Equivalent Weight (for acid) = mass/acidic proton 2. H₃PO₄= 98 g/mol * 98g/mol ≈ 100g/mol –» 100_g/mol / 3_[H+] = 33g * Gram equivalent weight H₃PO₄ = 33g

Answer 151

1. low mass 2. weak intermolecular forces * EX: HCl & CH₄ 3. Conditions: * Low pressure and high temperature

Answer 152

1. first step is to balance the equation: * 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 4CO2 + 6H2O 2. next find —» ratio of moles:coefficient for 2 reactants * Ethane's ratio = 4:2 * Oxygen's ratio = 10/7 —» **smaller ratio ∴ _O2 is the limiting reagent_**

Answer 153

**B) 8 x 10^-7 M** * pH of 6 corresponds to an H+ concentration of 10^-6 M * pH of 6.2 is slightly less acidic —» 8 x 10^-7 is slightly less than 10^-6.

Answer 154

* **Spontaneous:** * **[**–∆G] = spontaneous * proceeds w/out any additional energy needed * **Exothermic:** * [–∆H] = exothermic * net release of heat from system

Answer 155

1. rxn must be determined and balanced * 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O 2. ΔH_rxn = Σ[ΔH_reactants] – Σ[ΔH_products] * ΔH_rxn = [2(436) + 499] – [4(463)] = -481 kJ/mol Rxn = **_Exothermic_**

Answer 156

* Farday's constant = charge of 1 mol of electrons * F = 9.65x10⁴ Coulombs

Answer 157

* 21.6g Ag = 0.2 mol Ag * 100 A = 100 C/s * C: coulomb * (0.2 mol)(9.65 x 10⁴ C/mol) = 1.9 x 10⁴ C * (1.9 x 10⁴ C)/(100 C/s) = **_190 seconds_**

Answer 158

* Galvonic Cells—» **_spontaneous_** * e^- move spontaneously from anode to the cathode * Electrolytic Cells—» **_non-spontaneous_**

Answer 159

serves to prevent the accumulation of (+) charge at the anode

Answer 160

**Chalcogens —»** column 16 of the periodic table elements * oxygen, sulfur, etc.

Answer 161

Deposition

Answer 162

* Ksp = [A+][B-] * Ksp = x² * 8.3 x 10^-11 = x² * x ≈ 9 x 10^-6 mol/L

Answer 163

* 0 Kelvin * -273 °C

Answer 164

* adiabatic curves —» no heat is exchanged, but work is done on or by the system * [Graph] —» Curve B is adiabatic EXPANSION b/c volume is inc.

Answer 165

Enzymes only affect the _rate_ of rxn ∴ **enzymes dont affect Keq**

Answer 166

* H₂0 —» H⁺ + OH^- = ENDOTHERMIC process * adding heat = adding energy ∴ H2O will dissociate into H+ and OH- ions * pH of H2O would still be neutral, but pH & pOH both dec. * pH + pOH ≠ 14 —» pH + pOH = pK_w (pH + pOH not always = 14) * inc. temp of H2O also inc. Kw ∴ pKw _dec._ allowing both pH and pOH to dec. * **the pH will dec. when heat is added to the H2O**

Answer 167

* **Nucleophile**: nitrogen of a phthalimide molecule acts like a nucleophile * **Electrophile**: secondary carbon of an alkyl halide.

Answer 168

* keto form is always more stable, and ∴ more abundant than the enol form * HOWEVER —» special _exceptions_ to this rule (i.e. cases in which formation of the enol confers aromaticity on the molecule)

Answer 169

* strong oxidizing agents * alc —» COOH

Answer 170

* UV spectroscopy is most useful for studying compounds containing double bonds and/or heteroatoms with lone pairs that create conjugated systems. * **LOMO:** lowest unoccupied molecular orbital * the higher-energy position where an electron that has absorbed a photon of sufficient energy will be found * **HOMO:** highest occupied molecular orbital * lower-energy orbital

Answer 171

is symmetrical

Answer 172

[10¹²– 10¹⁴] Hz

Answer 173

[10¹⁵ – 10¹⁶] Hz

Answer 174

[10¹⁹ – 10²⁰] Hz

Answer 175

[10¹⁷ – 10¹⁸] Hz

Answer 176

[10⁹ – 10¹¹] Hz

Answer 177

* Work = (1000N)(10m) = 10,000J * 10,000J = F(7.5m) * **F = 1300N**

Answer 178

Specific Gravity

Answer 179

A₁V₁ = A₂V₂

Answer 180

* 10 dB to 80 dB = **Δ70 dB** —» need to raise intensity by factor of 10⁷ * I₀ = 10² W * (10²)(10⁷) = 10⁹ W = **_1000 MW._**

Answer 181

EX: when light reflects off a bubble produces multiple colors

Answer 182

Light must travel from a high index of refraction to a low index of refraction for total internal reflection to occur.

Answer 183

**MORE** refraction

Answer 184

**Violet—»** higher f and shorter λ = greater refraction

Answer 185

* P = VI = V²/R = I²R * how to minimize power loss... * Maximize voltage (V) * Minimize current (I) * Minimize resistance (R)

Answer 186

* R = ρL/A * Wire B has half the length and double the area, ∴ it will have **_¼ the resistance_**

Answer 187

* always remeber to flip the sign/direction when working with (–) charges * RHR based on (+) charges

Answer 188

* P_gauge = P_total- P_ATM

Answer 189

Parallel [//] —» longitudinal wave

Answer 190

1 atm = 101,000 Pa

Answer 191

* Current = flow of positive charges * current flows from the negative terminal to the positive terminal and continues in that direction *

Answer 192

* If the concentration of sodium is lower outside the cell, then the overall voltage will be decreased, because there is less of a difference in charge being separated across the membrane. * If the concentration of sodium outside the cell is lower than it was previously, and no other ions are involved then the current across the membrane will decrease, because this means the amount of charge is also less. * **A decrease in current means the action potential will take a longer time.**

Answer 193

1. allosteric binding of an inhibitor to an enzyme 2. permanent active site binding.

Answer 194

lower, higher

Answer 195

* **Tollens’ test,** also known as silver-mirror test, is a qualitative laboratory test used to distinguish between an aldehyde and a ketone * exploits the fact that aldehydes are readily oxidized (see oxidation), whereas ketones are not (no Ag in tube if reaccted w/ketone) * Rxn accompanied by the reduction of silver ions in Tollens’ reagent into metallic silver, which, if the test is carried out in a clean glass test tube, forms a mirror on the test tube

Answer 196

catalyzes the hydrolysis of **α-1,4-glycosidic linkage**

Answer 197

* 1,4 & 1,6 linkages * advantages: * glycogen takes up less volume and preciptatle less easily than large unbranched polymers * doesnt inc. the osmolarity of the cell—»osmotic pressure inc. w/molarity * simultaneous sites for hydrolysis via branching

Answer 198

An ideal simple machine, a machine that does not increase internal energy through friction, **_does NOT_** change amount of work needed to move a load.

Answer 199

* mgsinØ – µ_smgcosØ = 0 * µ_s = tanØ * The only hill that has a coefficient of static friction that is larger than the required coefficient is **Austin Dr** * tan(24°) = 0.445 which is less than 0.46

Answer 200

* point in the **same direction** * mgsinØ + µ_kmgcosØ = ma

Answer 201

* **at 1 second—»** V_max of a person will be attained right before the person leaves the ground. * acceleration after 1 second is -10m/s² ∴ the person is in the air during that time accelerating only due to gravity.

Answer 202

* ∑F = ma * F_up – mg = ma * F_up = mg + ma —» knees will have the largest F_up when the acceleration has the largest positive value * acceleration has the largest positive value between **2.0 – 2.1 sec** ∴ knees experience the largest F_up

Answer 203

* **I and II are accurate statements** * The kinetic energy is minimal when an individual is standing (equilibrium) * Standing requires the influence of the ankles (an external force) to maintain the otherwise unstable equilibrium

Answer 204

The **_acceleration due to gravity_** sets the frequency of a simple pendulum, and so it determines the response time to equilibrate an inverted pendulum.

Answer 205

**40 N** [The fact that there are strings does not affect the calculation for the force of gravity on the box]

Answer 206

* ∑F = ma * T_y – mg = 0 * T_y = 40N ∴ ... * T_y = Tsin(30°) * T = T_y / sin(30°) * **T = 40N / sin(30°)**

Answer 207

* ∑F = ma * F_SCALE– mg = ma * 400N – 300N = 30(a) * **a = 3.3m/s²**

Answer 208

* ∑F = ma * F_SCALE+ mg = ma * 250N – 300N = 30(a) * a = | -1.7 m/s²| —» **_a = 1.7 m/s²_**

Answer 209

* Since the object is placed in front of the diverging lens, it has no effect on the image. * The object is placed within the focal length of the converging lens. * Since the object is placed inside the focal length of the converging lens, the image will be **virtual and to the left of point D.**

Answer 210

* **Lens Power (P): P = 1/f** * **f:** focal length * _Units_**:** **m^-1** = **Diopeter (D)**

Answer 211

1. Remember to measure all angles from the normal line * The angle in the prism from the normal line = (90 - θ₄) * n₁sinØ₁ = n₂sinØ₂ **————»»»** n_p(90°-Ø₄) = sinØ₅ * **Ø₅ = sin^-1[n_psin(90-Ø₄)]** 1. Total internal reflection only happens when light would refract into a faster material 1. **Decrease Ø4** 2. Total internal reflection first happens when the refracted angle is 90° * Use Snell’s Law with and set the refracted angle equal to 90∘∘ * n₁sinØ₁ = n₂sinØ₂**————»»»** n_psin(Ø_C) = sin90° * **Ø_C = sin^-1(1/n_p)**

Answer 212

* The speed of sound increases in hotter air * The fundamental wavelength would stay the same, since the length of the tube is not changing * Since f=v/λ and _v increases and λ stays the same_— * **The fundamental resonant frequency in the tube would increase, since the speed of sound would increase in hotter air**

Answer 213

* Capped tubes have multiple resonance frequencies. * On the graph, a resonance is responsible for the minimum in the 1000-5000 Hz region on each of the equal-loudness curves * The higher-order resonant frequencies are given by integer multiples of the fundamental frequency * Thus 4000×3Hz = 12000Hz should represent a resonant frequency for the tube * The capped tube model would predict an additional **loudness-curve minimum at 12000 Hz.**

Answer 214

1. **n**: number of dissociable particles per molecule * Ex: NaCl —» n=2

Answer 215

1. **√2gD** 2. **_The water would at first flow the same but soon stop flowing out of the tank_** since the dropping water level would create a partial vacuum above the water in the tank 3. The density can be divided out of the equation: * ρgh₁ + ½ ρv₁² = ρgh₂ + ½ρv₂² * the density does not matter, which means it would flow at the same rate as the water. * **_The weight is greater, but the inertia is also greater, and those effect cancel each other out._** 1. Since the freely falling water does not exert any force on the water below it, **_it is effectively weightless and the water would not flow out of the hole_**

Answer 216

**KE_Krypton \> KE_Xenon \> KE_Argon \> KE_Helium**

Answer 217

**C_{v Argon} \> C_{v Helium} \> C_{v Xenon} \> C_{v Krypton}**

Answer 218

1. **The area underneath curve 1-2 is representative of the work put into the system** 2. Because volume is being held constant as pressure changes, the process from 4 to 1 is an **isochoric process** (*also known as a _constant-volume_ process, an _isovolumetric_ process, or an _isometric_ process*)

Answer 219

1. **Adiabatic Process** 2. **No** —» Energy will be lost as heat during muscle contraction due to the metabolic processes involved in fueling cardiac tissue.

Answer 220

* Volume —» metric units (i.e. cm³) * Temperature —» Kelvin (K)

Answer 221

The gas condenses to liquid at a temperature slightly greater than -15°C.

Answer 222

Increased π- stacking strength

Answer 223

"Red Cat" = REDuction occurs at the CAThode and "An Ox" = OXidation occurs at the Anode

Answer 224

coordinate covalent

Answer 225

Solution: The correct answer is D. This is a Physics question that falls under the content category “How light and sound interact with matter.” The answer to this question is D because the lenses have a negative focal length which means they are diverging lenses. Such lenses form virtual and reduced images of objects situated at distances larger than the focal length. It is a Knowledge of Scientific Concepts and Principles question because the question requires identifying the relationships among closely related concepts.

Chem-Phys Flashcards

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