Chemical Composition Of The Cell Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substance by chemical changes
A
Elements
2
Q
Backbone of organic molecules
A
Carbon, C
3
Q
Present in most organic molecules
A
Oxygen, O
4
Q
Required for aerobic respirations
A
Oxygen, O
5
Q
Present in most organic molecules
A
Hydrogen, H
6
Q
Present in all proteins and nucleic acids; present in chlorophyll
A
Nitrogen, N
7
Q
Present in nucleic acids and energy transfer molecules such as ATP
A
Phosphorus, P
8
Q
Helps provide balance in cells
A
Potassium, K
9
Q
Present in chlorophyll
A
Magnesium, Mg
10
Q
Component of certain enzymes
A
Iron, Fe
11
Q
Constituent of cell walls; required for some energy transfer reactions
A
Calcium, Ca
12
Q
The smallest possible particle of an element that still retains its properties
A
Atom
13
Q
Greek word of atom
A
Atomos, meaning “invisible”
14
Q
Subatomic particles
A
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
15
Q
Subatomic particle that has a positive electric charge
A
Proton
16
Q
Uncharged subatomic particle with about the same mass as a proton
A
Neutron
17
Q
Subatomic particle with a negative electric charge
A
Electron
18
Q
Mass of an electron
A
1/1800 of the mass of a proton
19
Q
Atomic number
A
The number of protons and electrons
20
Q
Atomic mass
A
Total number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
21
Q
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
A
Isotope
22
Q
Isotopes of hydrogen
A
Protium, Deuterium, Tritium
23
Q
The arrangement of electrons around its nucleus
A
Electron configuration
24
Q
How many electrons can occupy the first energy level
A
Two electrons
25
Elements unite in fixed ratios to form ?
Compounds
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Chemical equation of Glucose
C[6]H[12]O[6]
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The attractive force that holds two or more atoms together in a compound
Chemical bond
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The gain or loss of an electron
Ion
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Force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions
Ionic bonds
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two atoms share
a pair of electrons to complete their outermost
energy levels
covalent bond
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the smallest unit of a covalent
compound.
molecule
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the sharing of a single pair of
electrons
single bond
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atoms share two pairs of electrons
double bonds
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electrons are unequally shared between the
bonded atoms
polar covalent bond
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Covalent bonds in which the electrons are
equally shared
nonpolar covalent bond
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atoms that have a stronger attraction for the
shared electrons in a covalent bond
oxygen and
nitrogen
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an attraction
between a positively charged
hydrogen atom in one polar
molecule and a negatively charged
oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
polar molecule.
hydrogen bond
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strongest bond
ionic bond
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composed of elements other
than carbon.
Inorganic compound
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an inorganic compound that is essential
in plants
Water
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why is water is vital to plants and other organisms
carries dissolved nutrients and other important
materials to cells
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What is water sometimes called
universal solvent
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a compound that dissociates, or breaks up, in
a solution of water to form hydrogen ions (H+, or
protons) and negatively charged ions.
Acid
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acids that dissociate almost completely in water.
Strong acid
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acid that dissociate only slightly in water
weak acids
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measures the relative concentrations of
hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution
pH Scale
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A compound that dissociates in water to produce
negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH-) and positively
charged ions
Base
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compounds that contain carbon and usually
hydrogen.
Organic Compounds
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the foundations on which the
structures of plants and other organisms are built.
Organic Compounds
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Four groups of organic compounds are essential for all
organisms
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and Nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates are composed of ?
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) atoms in an
approximate ratio of 1C:2H:1O.
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Also know as simple
sugars
Monosaccharide
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organic compounds that plants use as fuel
molecules, as constituents of other important
compounds such as nucleic acids, and as structural
components of cells
Carbohydrates
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general equation for carbohydrates
(CH2O)n,
where n refers to any number from 3 to several
thousand.
48
Usually contain three to
six carbon atoms
Monosaccharides
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consists of two bonded
monosaccharide
Disaccharide
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carbohydrates composed
of many sugar units.
Polysaccharides
49
common monosaccharides
Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose
50
Plants produce glucose by ?
Photosynthesis
50
sugar that is
transported in the bloodstreams of humans and many
other animals.
Glucose (C6H12O6)
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Glucose is also called as
blood sugar
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Fructose is also known as
fruit sugar
51
the
carbohydrate stored in sugarcane
(Saccharum officinarum) and sugar beets
(Beta vulgaris).
Sucrose (C12H22O11)
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Sucrose is also known as
common table sugar
53
the most important
polysaccharides
Starches and cellulose
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Two molecules are joined and a molecule
of water is removed
condensation reaction (or dehydration
reaction)
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enormous polysaccharide molecules
composed of thousands of glucose units, are the main
storage carbohydrates in plants
Starches
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Examples of plants that contain abundant starch
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), corn (Zea mays), and
rice (Oryza sativa)
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a major component of plant cell walls
cellulose
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consists mainly of cellulose, is an
important part of the human diet.
plant fiber
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organic compounds that have a greasy or oily
consistency and do not readily dissolve in water
Lipids
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what are lipids composed primarily of?
carbon and hydrogen,
although they also contain some oxygen.
58
function of lipids
function in all cells as fuel molecules and as
essential components of cell membranes.
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lipids as light-gathering molecules for photosynthesis
chlorophylls and carotenoids
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lipids as waterproof covering over plant body
cuticle
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Lipids include ?
neutral fats and oils, phospholipids,
steroids, certain pigments, and waxes.
60
what are neutral fats and oils consist of ?
molecule of
glycerol joined to one, two, or three fatty acids
60
contain the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms possible because they contain no
carbon– carbon double bonds
saturated fatty acids
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Lipid that is liquid at room temp
oil
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Lipid that is solid at room temp
neutral fats
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a fatty acid contains one or more carbon–carbon
double bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
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a progressive
disease in which the arteries
become blocked with fatty material
atherosclerosis
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group of lipids important as
components of cell membranes
Phospholipids
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phospholipid molecule consists of ?
glycerol
molecule attached at one end to two fatty acids and at
the other end to a phosphate group linked to an organic
compound.
63
a waxy substance found in the outer walls of
epidermal cells
Cutin
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macromolecules composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur that serve as
structural components of cells and tissues.
Proteins
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is a waxy substance found in the walls of cork
cells (the outer bark of woody plants)
Suberin
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regulate biochemical processes in plants
and other organisms
Proteins
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Proteins are composed of hundreds of units of ?
amino acids
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carbon atom bonded to an
amino group (¬NH2), a carboxyl group (¬COOH), and a
side chain, designated R
Amino Acid
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a covalent chemical bond, which joins two amino acids by removing a water molecule (H2O) from an amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and a carboxyl group (–COOH) of the adjacent amino acid in a polypeptide chain.
peptide bond
68
linear sequence of amino acids.
Primary structure
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a regular shape, such as a spiral
helix, that is caused by rotation of the polypeptide chain
secondary structure
70
the overall shape of the polypeptide
chain, as determined by interactions of the side chains of
amino acid
Tertiary structure
70
two or more polypeptide chains associate to form the final protein molecule.
quaternary structure
70
protein molecules that function as catalysts by increasing the rate at which chemical reactions occur but are not used up in the reactions.
Enzymes
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The material on which the enzyme works
Substrate
72
RNA function
functions in the process of protein synthesis.
73
the capacity or ability to do work.
energy
73
Nucleic acids are composed of repeating units
nucleotides
74
These instructions are encoded in genes, units of hereditary information that consist of DNA and are part of the chromosomes.
Nucleic acid
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energy exists in the form of:
heat, radiant energy from the sun, chemical energy in the chemical bonds of molecules, mechanical energy, electrical energy.
76
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although it can be transformed from
one form to another.
First law of thermodynamics
76
When energy is
converted from one form to another, some of it is
degraded into a lower-quality, less useful form
Second law of thermodynamics
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a measure of this disorder, or randomness
Entropy
76
the study of the relations between heat, work, temperature, and energy
thermodynamics
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Energy exists as stored energy
potential energy
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the energy of motion.
kinetic energy
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