chemical exam Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
- Presence in urine provides early indicaiton of liver disease. Detected long before presentation of jaundice
- Principle: Diazo Reaction
- (+) tan/pink/violet
A
bilirubin
2
Q
- Indicates disorders affecting the renal tubules.
- Impaired reabsorption
A
tubular protenuria
3
Q
- 1 min
- Ehrlich’s reaction
A
urobilinogen
4
Q
- May lead to renal failure
- Indicated by MICROALBUMINURIA (which is not detected by rgnt strip)
A
diabetic nephropathy
5
Q
- Bile pigment from hemoglobin degradation
- Present in small amount, <1 mg/dL
- Specimen of choice: afternoon urine (2pm to 4pm due to alkaline tide)
- Principle: Ehrlich’s Reaction
A
urobilinogen
6
Q
- 30secs
- Double sequential enzymatic reactio
A
glucose
7
Q
SSA
clumps of protein
A
4+
8
Q
what is the result
Presence of non-albumin protein because the test is sensitive to albumin
A
false negative
9
Q
reject urine if pH is (?)
A
9
10
Q
due to increased pressure on the renal veins
A
orthostatic proteinuria
11
Q
- INVERSE EHRLICH REACTION
- Rapid screening test for PBG (>2mg/dL)
A
hoesch test
12
Q
positive results for BLOOD
- Uniformly green/blue: (?)
- Speckled/Spotted: (?)
A
- Hgb/myoglobin
- hematuria
13
Q
- 45 secs
- pKa change of polyelectrolytes
A
specific gravity
14
Q
it reacts if pH is basic
A
bromothymol blue
15
Q
- Consists of weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine sp/gr.
- DISADVANTAGES: Requires large urine volume, affected by TEMPERATURE, GLUCOSE and PROTEIN
A
urinometer (hydrometer)
16
Q
SSA
turbidity + granulation + flocculation
A
3+
17
Q
comparison of velocity of light in air w/the velocity of light in a solution
A
refractive index
18
Q
- Differentiation of urobilinogen, porphobilinogen and other Ehrlich-Reactive Compounds.
- Extraction with CHLOROFORM and BUTANO
A
watson-schwartz test
19
Q
- Reducing agent
- Causes false negative reactions to: “BB LNG”
A
ascorbic acid
20
Q
Based on the principle that the frequency of a soundwave entering a solution changes in proportion to the density of the solution
A
harmonic oscillation densinometry
21
Q
Principle: pKa change of polyelectrolytes
A
reagent strip (dipstick)
22
Q
Impaired selective filtration due to glomerular damage causing high molecular weight (and negatively charged) substances to escape through
A
glomerular protenuria
23
Q
- 40 secs
- Na Nitroprusside Test (Legal’s Test)
A
ketones
24
Q
presence of intact RBC
A
hematuria
25
- Most indicative of renal disease
- White foam (albumin) upon shaking
- Normally <10mg/dL or 100mg/24hrs. (albumin)
- Principle: (Soresen’s) Error of Indicator
- yellow (-)
- blue to green (+)
- sensitive to ALBUMIN
protein
26
# SSA
distinct turbidity
1+
27
- Compensated to temperature (no need for correction)
- But still requires correction for Glucose and Proteins
refractometer
28
- Rapid sreening test for UTI/Bacteuria
- Considered as a valuable test for detecting initial bladder infection (cystitis)
- Performed in parallel with Leukocyte esterase to determine the necessity for urine culture
- SPECIMEN: First morning or 4hour urine
- Principle: Greiss Reaction
nitrite
29
The most conventional method of urine chemical analysis is carried out through the use of a chemical impregnated plastic strip called
reagent strip
30
# sugars
Increased in pregnancy, lactation and strict milk diet
lactose
31
# harmonic oscillation densinometry
6mL of urine:
IRIS slideless micriscope (?)
IRIS mass gravity meter (?)
- 4 mL
- 2 mL
32
- 2 mins
- Leukocyte estarse
leukocytes
33
- High Protein Diet
- Dehydration
- Cranberries
- Diarrhea
- Diabetis Mellitus
- Acid (+) bacte
- Starvation (ketone build up)
- Drugs
- Methamine mandelate
- Fosfomycin tromethamine
causes of acidic urine
34
# SSA
noticeable turbidity
trace
35
- assessment of kidney’s concentrating ability.
- Defined as the density of a solution compared w/ the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature.
- Infulenced by the number and density of particles dissolved in a solution.
specific gravity
36
- 1 min
- (Soresen’s) error of indicator
proteins
37
- results from increased FAT METABOLISM due to inability to metabolize carbohydrates.
- Principle: Legal’s Test (Sodium Nitroprusside reaction)
ketones
38
- 1 min
- Double indicator system
pH
39
- non reducing sugar
- False (+) in reagent strips but (-) in Copper reduction test
- Increased in intestinal disorders
sucrose
40
presence of hemoglobin pigment from RBC destruction
hemoglobinuria
41
# sugars
Increased fruits, honey or syrup intake
fructose
42
# sugars
Increased in infants with galactosemia
galactose
43
# what is the result
- Highly alkaline urine interferes w/ the acid buffer (color change unrelated to CHON)
- Long contact of urine to the reagent pad
- Contamination w/ quarternary ammonia compounds, detergent and antiseptics
- High specific gravity
false positive
44
- Significance: UTI/Inflammation, screen for urine culture specimens.
- Principle: Leukocyte Esterase
leukocyte
45
Cold precipitation that reacts equally on all forms of proteins
SSA (sulfosalicylic acid) precipitation test
46
- most frequently tested
- Principle: Double sequential enzymatic reaction
glucose
47
it reacts if ph is acidic
methyl red
48
- 30 secs
- Diazo reaction
bilirubin
49
pH normal values:
- normal catch (?)
- 1st morning (?)
- afternoon (?)
- 4-8 pH
- 5-6 pH
- >7 pH
50
- 1 min
- Greiss’s reaction
nitrites
51
- non-specific test for reducing sugars
- Principle: Copper reduction in the presence of heat and alkali
clinitest/benedict's test
52
are High molecular substances and does not relate to renal concentration ability but will increase specific gravity.
glucose and protein (CHON)
53
- Caused by conditions affecting the plasma prior to its reaching the kidney.
- Not indicative of actual renal damage
- Not detected by reagent strip for CHON because it only detects ALBUMIN
pre-renal proteinuria
54
- 1 min
- pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
blood
55
for detection of microalbuminuria
micral test
56
- indication of injury on the kidney
- Principle: Pseudoperoxidase activity of Hgb
blood
57
# SSA
turbidity + granulation
2+
58
store reagent strips in
30 degrees below
59
# sugars
Increased in benign pentosuria
pentose
60
important indicator for identification of crystals and determination of unsatisfactory spx
pH
61
- Renal Tubular Acidosis
- Hyperventilation
- High Fiber (Veggies) Diet
- Urease (+) bacte
- After meal
- Old specimen
causes of basic urine
62
# SSA
no increased turbidity
negative
63
reagent for dipstick
bromothymol blue
64
reagent for pH
- bromothymol blue
- methyl red
65
reagent for protein
tetrabomphenol blue
66
major urinary protein
albumin
67
clinical protenuria
>30 mg/dL
68
proliferation of immunoglobulin producing plasma cells
multiple myeloma
69
- identified in serum electrophoresis
- in urine: precipitates at 40-60 C (Cloudy)
disoslves at 100 C
BENCE JONES PROTEIN
70
# ALBUMIN EXCRETION RATE
- NORMAL AER = (?)
- Microalbuminuria = (?)
- Clinical Albuminuria = (?)
- 0-20 ug/min
- 20-200ug/min (30-300mg/24hours)
- >200ug/min
71
reagent for glucose
- glu oxidase
- peroxidase
72
# color
aminopropylcarbazole
yellow to orange-brown
73
Ortho-toluidine
pink to purple
74
# glucose interference
Contamination with strong oxidizers and non-reducing sugars
false (+)
75
# glucose interference
contamination/presence of reducing substances such as Vit. C
false (-)
76
major ketone BUT NOT DETECTED IN REAGENT STRIP.
78% B-hydroxybutyric acid
77
parent ketone
20% Aceto-Acetic Acid
78
ketone detected only when GLYCINE is added
2% Acetone
79
reagent for BLOOD
...hydroperoxidase
80
# color
- (-) pink spots/edges
- (+) uniform pink
nitrite
