renal anatomy Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
identify
it detects changes in the blood pressure
A
macula densa
2
Q
identify
it drains filtered blood from the kidney
A
renal vein
3
Q
identify
carries urine to the bladder
A
ureters
4
Q
identify
amount of plasma entering the glomerulus
A
120 mL/min
5
Q
identify
stimulates RBC production
A
erythropoietin
6
Q
nephron
- found on the cortex
- waste removal and nutrient reabsorption (PCT & DCT)
A
cortical nephron
7
Q
identify
it is formed due to variation in size of capillaries
A
hydrostatic pressure
8
Q
identify
total renal plasma flow
A
600 -700 ml/min (300 - 350 mL/min/kidney)
9
Q
identify
delivers urine (excretion)
A
urethra
10
Q
oncotic pressure
↓ solute in blood = (?)
A
water exits through interstition (EDEMA)
11
Q
identify
functional units of the kidneys
A
nephrons
12
Q
identify
it is formed due to osmotic gradient in capillaries
A
oncotic pressure
13
Q
identify
the average body size
A
1.73 m²
14
Q
acidic or basic
little H⁺
A
basic
15
Q
identify
factors affecting glomerular filtration rate
A
- hydrostatic pressure
- oncotic pressure
- RAAS
16
Q
identify
renal glucose threshold: (?)
A
160 -180 mg/dL
17
Q
identify
amount that triggers urination
A
150 mL
18
Q
identify
this happens when you only have 1 kdiney
A
compensation hypertrophy
19
Q
glomerular filtrate
specific gravity: >1.010
A
hypersthenuric
20
Q
identify
it supplies unfiltered blood to the kidney
A
renal artery
21
Q
identify
plasma concentration of substance
A
renal threshold
22
Q
identify
- it surrounds the Loop of henle
- triggers osmosis
- has area that has ↑ and ↓ salt concentration (oncotic gradient)
A
vasa recta
23
Q
identify
it is a capillary/specialized capillary
A
glomerulus
24
Q
identify
high pH in blood = (?)
A
- low H⁺ secretion
- low HCO₃⁻ reabsorption
25
# identify
amount of nephrons per kidney
1.5 million
26
# nephron
- found on the top portion of medulla
- urine concentration (L.o.H., & collecting ducts)
- major salt exchange
- ↑ solvent, ↓ solute
juxtamedullary nephron
27
# identify
overhydrated: high B.F. = (?)
water secretion
28
# identify
glomerulus's blood vessel wall has holes we call (?)
fenestration
29
# identify
2 types of nephron
- cortical nephron (85%)
- juxtamedullary nephron (15%)
30
# identify
it encloses the glomerulus
bowmans capsule
31
# identify
maintains homeostasis
kidney
32
# identify
renin is both a (?) and an (?)
- hormone
- enzyme
33
# glomerular filtrate
specific gravity: <1.010
hyposthenuric
34
# identify
it brings blood to the glomerulus
afferent arteriole
35
# final urine volume
hydrated: (?)
15 mL/min
36
# reabsorption mechanism
needs atp
active transport
37
# identify
produced by peritubular cells (kidney)
erythropoietin
38
# identify
balancing of electrolytes
kidney
39
# identify
excretion of waste products
kidney
40
# identify
negativity of albumin
lightly negative
41
# identify
renal protein threshold: (?)
10 mg/dL
42
# identify
regulates acid-base balance
kidney
43
# identify
low pH in blood = (?) ; (?)
- high H⁺ secretion
- high HCO₃⁻ reabsorption
44
# identify
regulates body fluids
kidney
45
# identify
triggered by ↓ B.P. caused by ↓ blood volume and plasma Na⁺
RAAS (renin-angiontensin-aldosterone system)
46
# identify
when the macula densa detects low B.P., it gives signal to **(?)** that produces **(?),** that attaches to inactive **(?)** that would become **(?),** that goes to the lungs where it undergoes ACE (angiontensin converting exchange) and it would convert into **(?),** that triggers the posterior P.G. to release **(?);** triggers adrenal cortex to release **(?),** and would make the efferent arteriole **(?),** and the afferent arteriole **(?).**
- JG cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
- renin
- angiontensinogen
- angiontensin II
- ADH/AVP
- aldosterone
- vasoconstrict
- vasodilate
47
# identify
it is a non selective filter
glomerulus
48
# identify
normal blood pH
7.35 - 7.45
49
# identify
length of ureters
25 cm
50
# identify
the size of molecules that can only pass through the fenestrations of the glomerulus
<70,000 da (daltons)
51
# identify
has proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and Loop of Henle
renal tubules
52
# identify
dehydration: low B.F. = (?)
water reabsorption
53
# identify
the amount of blood flow that the kidney receives
25%
54
# hydrostatic pressure
↓ diameter = (?)
↑ hydrostatic pressure
55
# identify
produced by JG cells (juxtaglomerular cells)
renin
56
# identify
stores urine
bladder
57
# identify
it has a shield of negativity
glomerulus
58
# acidic or basic
many H⁺
acidic
59
# identify
another term for urination (bladder emptying)
micturition
60
# identify
4 renal functions:
- renal blood flow
- glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
61
# identify
where urine is formed
kidney
62
# identify
high B.P. caused by afferent & efferent areterioles that results to more blood release
hydrostatic pressure
63
# oncotic pressure
↑ oncotic pressure
↓ glomerular filtration rate (water don't exit)
64
# reabsorption mechanism
- water is reabsorbed in all parts of the nephron except in ascending Loop of henle
- urea is reabsorbed in PCT and ascending Loop of henle
passive transport
65
# identify
- it surrounds the PCT and DCT
- produces EPO
peritubular capillaries
66
# identify
the bowmans capsule has an inner layer called (?), that has cells called (?). The cells has foots that interlocks with each other, that provides additonal (?) to the glomerulus
- visceral layer
- podocytes
- filtration
67
# identify
(?) influences the pH in our body
hypoventilation
68
# final urine volume
dehydrated: (?)
0.3 mL/min
69
# hypoventilation
CO₂ builds up in blood → carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) = (?)
low pH
70
# hydrostatic pressure
↓ hydrostatic pressure = (?)
↓ glomerular filtration rate
71
# identify
where the blood from glomerulus exits
efferent arteriole
72
# identify
maintain blood pressure and electropoiesis
kidney
73
# identify
length of urethra:
male: (?)
female: (?)
male: 24 cm
female: 4 cm
74
# hydrostatic pressure
↑ hydrostatic pressure = (?)
↑ glomerular filtration rate
75
# hydrostatic pressure
↑ diameter = (?)
↓ hydrostatic pressure
76
# identify
total amount of nephrons
2-3 million
77
# identify
total renal blood flow
approx. 1200 mL/min (600 mL/min/kidney)
78
# identify
it is where the water and salt exhange happens
loop of henle
79
# identify
it corrects the blood pressure
RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System)
80
# identify
removal of essential substances
tubular reabsorption
81
# glomerular filtrate
specific gravity : 1.010
isosthenuric
82
# identify
it filters plasma
glomerulus
83
# identify
size of an albumin
66,500 Da (dalton)
84
# oncotic pressure
↓ oncotic pressure
↑ glomerular filtration rate (water exits)
85
# identify
when there is a dysmorphic RBC in urine, the glomerular is (?)
damaged
