Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Human DNA

A

shaped in a double helix and has 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Elements of the human body

A

The main elements that compose the human body: oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2 models of atomic structures

A

planetary model and cloud model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Planetary model (atomic structure)

A

Fixed orbits, depicted as rings at a precise from the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cloud model

A

electrons are shown in a variety of locations they would have at different distances from the nucleus over time (no fixed orbit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Atoms

A

all matter is composed of atoms; all atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Protons

A

carries a positive charge, also contributes to atomic weight and charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neutron

A

Does not carry an electric charge; also contributes to atomic weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electron

A

Carries a negative charge; contributes to atomic charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nucleus

A

Central part of an atom, composed of protons and neutrons, electrons move around the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of one atom, each element has a unique atomic number, equals the number of electrons in the atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atomic weight

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom, electrons do not contribute to the weight to the atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic weight, atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons, Oxygen often forms isotopes (O16, O17, and O18), unstable isotopes are radioactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Isotopes of Hydrogen

A

Protium (1H), Deuterium (2H), Tritum (3H)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Protium

A

1H, 1 proton and no neutrons, the most abundant isotope of hydrogen in nature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deuterium

A

2H, has 1 proton and 1 neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tririum

A

Has 1 proton and 2 neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Average atomic mass

A

Weighted average of atomic mass for all isotopes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Unstable because they contain excess neutrons, lose nuclear components in the form of high energy radiation (alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Physical Half- life

A

The time for 50% of radioisotopes to become stable, can vary from seconds to thousands of years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clinical View: Medical imaging of Thyroid Gland using Iodine Radioisotopes

A

Radioisotopes introduced into the body during medical procedures, used by cells in a similar manner to non radioisotopes, can trace products of metabolic reactions that use these elements, Thyroid gland darker in areas where less radioactive iodine take up, and can help locate a nodule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PET scans

A

PET highlights areas in the body where there is relatively high glucose use, which is characteristics of cancerous tissue. This PET scan shows sites of the spread of a large primary tumor to other sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Molecule

A

Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Compound

A

Particle formed when 2 or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Molecular Formulas
Depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule.
26
Bonding of atoms
Bonds form when atoms combine with other atoms, lower shells are filled first, force that holds atoms together, depends on the number of electrons in the valence shell (8 electrons is stable, Octet rule)
27
Atoms with atomic numbers less than 18, the following rule applies:
First shell: 2 electrons Second shell: 8 electrons Third shell: 8 electrons
28
Octet rule
Elements tend to lose, gain, or share electrons to obtain complete outer shells with eight electrons, eight valence electrons is stable
29
Ion
An atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable, an electrically charged atom
30
Cation
A positively charged ion, formed when an atom loses electrons
31
Anion
A negatively charged ion, formed when an atom gains an electron
32
Covalent bonds
Happens when atoms share electrons, most common and strongest bond in the body
33
Hydrogen forms how many bonds? (chemistry)
1 or single
34
Oxygen forms how many bonds? (chem)
2 bonds
35
Nitrogen forms how many bonds? (chem)
3 bonds
36
Carbon forms how many bonds? (chem)
4 bonds
37
Structural formula
structural formulas show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules
38
Ionic bonding
when one atom donates or accepts an electron from another atom, often are attracted to each other due to an opposite charge
39
Synthesis reaction
2 components bond to make a larger molecule, energy is required
40
Decomposition reaction
Bonds between components. of a larger molecule are broken, resulting in smaller products
41
exchange reaction
bonds are both formed and broken such that the components of the reactants are rearranged
42
Enzymes
They decrease the activation energy for a given chemical reaction to occur
43
monomers
the basic units for building larger molecules, form polymers (two or more chemically bonded monomers)
44
dehydration synthesis
2 monomers are covalently bonded in a reaction in which one gives ip a hydroxyl group and the other a hydrogen atom, a molecule of water is released as a by product during dehydrations reactions Monomers are joined by removal of OH from 1 monomer and H from the other at the site of bond formation
45
hydrolysis
the covalent bond between 2 monomers is split by the addition of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group to the other, which requires contribution of one molecule of water Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
46
dissociation of sodium chloride in water
notice that the crystals of sodium chloride dissociate not into NA+ cations and CI- anions, each completely surrounded by water molecules
47
what does an acid do in aqueous solution?
an acid dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and anions, nearly every molecule of a strong acid dissociates, producing a high concentration of H+
48
what does a base do in aqueous solution?
a base dissociates into hydroxyl ions (OH-) and cautions, nearly every molecule of a strong base dissociates, producing a high concentration of OH-.
49
pH scale
indicates the concentration of hydrogen ion in solution
50
neutral (pH)
pH 7, indicates equal concentration of H+ and OH-
51
Acidic
pH <7; indicates a greater concentration of H+
52
Basic/ Alkaline
pH >7; indicates a greater concentration of OH-
53
3 polysaccharides
starches, glycogen, and fiber
54
triglycerides
triglycerides are composed of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acid by dehydration synthesis. Notice that glycerol gives up on a hydrogen atom, and the carboxyl groups on the fatty acids each give up a hydroxyl group.
55
saturated fatty acids
are straight
56
unsaturated fatty acids
are kinked
57
steroids
4 connected rings of carbon, widely distributes in the body, various functions, component of cell membrane, used to synthesize hormones, cholesterol
58
peptide bonds
different amino acids join together to form peptide, polypeptides, or proteins via dehydration synthesis. The bond between amino acids are peptide bonds.
59
Organic Substances Proteins
Structural material, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies
60
Amino acids
building block for proteins, held together with peptide bonds
61
4 levels of protein structures
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures
62
Primary structure
Each oblong shape in this polypeptide chain represents an amino acid molecule. The whole chain represents a portion of a protein molecule
63
Secondary structure
The polypeptide chain of a protein molecule is often either pleated or twisted to form a coil. Dotted lines represent hydrogen bonds. R groups are indicated in bold.
64
Tertiary structure
The pleated and coiled polypeptide chain of a protein molecule folds into a unique three- dimensional structure.
65
Quaternary structure
Two or more polypeptide chains may be connected to form a single protein molecule
66
Steps in an enzymatic reaction
1. Substrates approach active sites on enzyme. 2. Substrates bind to active sites, producing an enzyme- substrate complex 3. Changes internal to the enzyme- substrate complex facilitate interaction of the substrates. 4. Products are released and the enzyme returns to its original form, ready to facilitate another enzymatic reaction.
67
Nucleotides
1. The building blocks of all nucleotides are one or more phosphate groups, a pentose, and a nitrogen- containing base. 2. The nitrogen- containing base of nucleotides 3. 2 pentose sugar of DNA and RNA
68
DNA
In the double helix, two strands attach via hydrogen bonds between the bases of the components nucleotides.

Anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions