Chemical level of organization

Question 1

knowledge of basic chemistry needed for understanding

Answer 1

• anatomy and physiology

- difference between healthy and diseased person

Question 2

Structure of an atom

Answer 2

-nucleus contains protons and neutrons and orbiting the nucleus are electrons (e-): negative charge

Question 3

what charge do atoms have

Answer 3

atoms are electrically neutral- the number of e- and p+ is equal. neutrons may not be equal to these

Question 4

Ions

Answer 4

• if an atom loses or gains an electron, it is no longer neutral and becomes an ion
• anions
• cations
• ions have a charge

Question 5

anion

Answer 5

atom gains e-‘s and becomes negative ion

Question 6

cation

Answer 6

atom loses e- and becomes a positive ion

Question 7

important ions
(electrolytes)

Answer 7

• calcium: Ca2+
• sodium: Na+
• Potassium: K+
• Hydrogen: H+
• Chloride: Cl-

Question 8

Chemical bonds

Answer 8

• Bond/hold atoms together to form molecules
• ionic bonds
• covalent bonds

Question 9

ionic bond

Answer 9

ions formed- atom to atom transfer of e-

Question 10

covalent bond

Answer 10

sharing e- between atoms

Question 11

chemical bonds allow the formation of chemical compounds which may be..?

Answer 11

organic substances

inorganic substances

Question 12

Organic substances

Answer 12

covalently bonded carbon (C) atoms

eg. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Question 13

inorganic substances

Answer 13

usually lack C atoms

eg. H20, NaCl, O2

Question 14

exception of inorganic compounds which contain C atoms

Answer 14

H2CO3- carbonic acid
HCO3- bicarbonate
CO2- carbon dioxide
CO- Carbon monoxide

Question 15

Water

Answer 15

inorganic

• most abundant substance in cells
• H2O
• polar molecules- unequal sharing of electrons leads to a slight charge difference
• many rxns in the body take place in H2O=universal solvent
• transports chemicals
• maintains body temp of 37

Question 16

acids and bases

Answer 16

may be organic of inorganic

Question 17

acids

Answer 17

dissociate in H2O releasing H+ ions

-increase [H+] = decrease pH

Question 18

bases

Answer 18

substance that bind free H+ ions in H2O

-decrease [H+]=increase in pH

Question 19

pH scale

Answer 19

[H+] of free H+ in solution
-basic -> acidic increase [H+]
-0-14
ph of blood is approx. 7.35-7.45

Question 20

important organic substances

Answer 20

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 21

Carbohydrates

Answer 21

consist of C, H, O

(CH2O)n

Question 22

functions of carbohydrates

Answer 22

• source of energy for cells
  eg. glucose
• cellular structures
  eg. DNA + RNA

Question 23

naming carbohydrates

Answer 23

1. monosaccharides (simple sugars)
   eg. glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
   - basic building blocks of other carbohydrates
2. disaccharides- 2 monosaccharides covalently bonded together
   eg. glucose + fructose -> sucrose
3. polysaccharides - many monosaccharides (basic building blocks) bonded together
   eg. glycogen (animals), starch (plants)

Question 24

Lipids

Answer 24

C, H, O - different ration from carbs

eg. fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids
- insoluble (nonpolar) in water

Question 25

lipid functions

Answer 25

- protect organs (padding - build cell membranes - sources of stored energy

Question 26

types of lipids

Answer 26

glycerides phospholipids cholesterol steroids

Question 27

glycerides

Answer 27

most common lipid in body and diet -composed of 2 building blocks : glycerol backbone and fatty acids

Question 28

naming glycerides

Answer 28

- glycerol + 1 FA = monoglyceride - glycerol +2 FAs = diglyceride - glycerol + 3 FAs = triglyceride

Question 29

Phospholipids

Answer 29

3 building blocks - phosphate head group (polar) - hydrophilic (water soluble) - glycerol backbone and 2 FAs "tails" (non polar)- hydrophobic (water insoluble)

Question 30

cholesterol

Answer 30

found in cell membranes and used to synthesize steroids

Question 31

steroids

Answer 31

derived from cholesterol | -bile salts, vitamin D, hormones (testosterone, estrogen, etc)

Question 32

Proteins

Answer 32

C, H, O, N and sometimes S | eg. albumin

Question 33

protein functions

Answer 33

- structural materials eg. collegen - enzymes, hormones, transporters - antibodies

Question 34

Protein naming

Answer 34

amino acids -basic building blocks of all amino acids -use the name of the aa itself eg. glycine dipeptides -two aa polypeptide -many aa protein -one or more polypeptides folded into its final shape

Question 35

nucleic acids

Answer 35

C, H, O, N, P 2 forms: DNA and RNA -building blocks called nucleotides

Question 36

what does each nucleotide contain

Answer 36

-PO4- phosphate -monosaccharide (simple sugar) eg. ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA -organic base A, T (DNA only), U (RNA only), C, G

Question 37

DNA structure

Answer 37

``` PO4-deoxyribose-A,T,C, or G A-t G-C -alternating sugare and phosphate form uprights -bases "rungs" ```

Question 38

DNA function

Answer 38

- cellular reproduction | - used as a template to make RNA

Question 39

RNA structure

Answer 39

PO4-ribose- A, U, C, or G A-U G-C

Question 40

RNA function

Answer 40

protein synthesis

Question 41

ATP

Answer 41

energy stored in covalent bonds- powers cellular actives -breaking bond creates immediately useable energy -ATP->ADP + P (inorganic phosphate)

Question 42

ATP structure

Answer 42

3PO4 +ribose +adenine (modified RNA nucleotide) | 2.23 "~" =high energy bond