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Anatomy > 2. skeletal system > Flashcards

2. skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

-feet, face and palms forward

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2
Q

superior (cranial)

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure of the body; above
-the head is superior to the abdomen

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3
Q

inferior (caudal)

A
  • away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body; below
  • the navel is inferior to the chin
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4
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

-the breastbone is anterior to the spine

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5
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A
  • toward or at the back of the body; behind

- the heart is posterior to the breastbone

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6
Q

medial

A
  • toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
  • the heart is medial to the arm
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7
Q

lateral

A
  • away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

- the arms are lateral to the chest

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8
Q

intermediate

A
  • between a more medial and a more lateral structure

- the collar bone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

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9
Q

proximal

A
  • closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
  • the elbow is proximal to the wrist
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10
Q

distal

A
  • farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
  • the knee is distal to the thigh
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11
Q

superficial (external)

A
  • toward or at the body surface

- the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

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12
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface; more internal

-the lungs are deep to the skin

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13
Q

skeletal system

A
  • axial skeleton

- appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

how many bones in the axial skeleton

A
  • 80
  • skull
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral column
  • thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
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15
Q

how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton

A 
-126
(limbs and bones that attach them to axial skeleton (girdles))
-pectoral girdle
-pelvic girdle
-upper limb (arm, forearm, and hand)
-lower limb (thigh, leg and foot)
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16
Q

articulations

A

connections between bones

eg. the humerus articulates with the scapula

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17
Q

skull has three main bone groupings

A
  • cranium (8 bones next to brain)
  • facial bones (14 bones)
  • auditory ossicles 6 (3 bones on each side in the middle ears)
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18
Q

cranium

A
  • 1 frontal (forehead)
  • 2 parietal
  • 2 temporal
  • 1 sphenoid
  • 1 ethmoid (forms superior + middle nasal chonchae)
  • 1 occipital
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19
Q

facial bones

A
  • 2 nasal
  • 2 maxillae
  • 2 zygomatic
  • 2 lacrimal
  • 2 palatine
  • 2 inferior nasal chonchae
  • 1 vomer
  • 1 mandible
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20
Q

hard palate

A

-2 palatine and 2 maxillae

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21
Q

auditory ossicles

A
  • incus
  • malleus
  • stapes
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22
Q

hyoid bone

A
  • no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

- attaches muscles of tongue and neck, assists in swallowing

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23
Q

Bones in the vertebral column

A

25 vertebrae

  • cervical(7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • sacrum (1)
  • coccyx (1)
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24
Q

typical vertebral structure:

A
  • body -think anterior portion
  • spinous process (1)- median posterior projection
  • transverse process (2)-lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
  • lamina (2) - connects the two processes
  • pedicle (2) - connects body to transverse process
  • vertebral foramen -hole for spinal cord
  • superior and inferior articular facets -articulate with vertebrae above and below
  • intervertebral foramina -exit for spinal nerves
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25
characteristics of vertebrae by region
- cervical (C1-C7) - thoracic (T1-T12) - lumbar (L1-L5) - sacrum - coccyx
26
atlas
-no body, no spinous process -articulates with occipital condyle of skull (allows nodding (yes) motions) C1
27
axis
C2 - dens (=odontoid process) - pivot joint around which atlas swivels - allows shaking (no) motion
28
Cervical C1-C7
- C1,C2= atypical - C3-C7= typical - C1=atlas - C2=axis
29
thoracic (T1-T12)
all articulate with ribs by costal facets
30
lumbar (L1-L5)
support upper body weight | -all have large bodies and rectangular spinous processes
31
sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae | - articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra (L5)
32
coccyx
- 3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4 | - tailbone
33
curvature of the spinal column
- cervical and lumbar (curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly) - thoracic and sacrum (curved concave anteriorly = concave posteriorly)
34
abnormal curvature:
- scoliosis (spinal column curves laterally) - kyphosis (exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)) - lordosis (exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback))
35
Thoracic cage
sternum and ribs
36
sternum (breast bone)
-3 parts manubrium-superioir body-middle xiphoid process-inferior
37
ribs
- 12 pairs total (articulate posteriorly with T1-T12) - 7 pairs = true ribs * attach directly to sternum by costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage) - 5 pairs = false ribs * attach indirectly to sternum by costal cartilage (8-10) or not all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle)
38
appendicular skeleton
- pectoral girdle (upper limb girdle) - pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle) - upper limb (in anatomical position) - lower limb (in anatomical position)
39
pectoral girdle
-clavicle and scapula
40
clavicle
(collarbone) - articulates with sternum(manubrium) and scapula (acromion process) - connects axial and appendicular skeletons
41
scapula
- spine (on posterior) - acromion process- articulates with clavicle - glenoid fossa/cavity - articulates head of humerus - coracoid process-attaches muscles for arm and chest
42
pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle)
* composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones: - ilium-articulates with sacrum - ischium- most inferior part = ischial tuberosity - pubis-left and right joined by pubic symphysis * joints: - pubic symphysis - sacroiliac joint -sacrum and ilium - acetabulum-articulates with head of femur (all 3 bones of os coxa join here)
43
upper limb (in anatomical position)
- humerus - radius (lateral)/ ulna (medial) - carpals (8) - wrist - metacarpals (5) - palm - phalanges (14) - digits (fingers) note: all are long bones (except carpals)
44
lower limb (in anatomical position)
-femur -patella (knee cap) -Tibia (medial) / fibula (lateral) -tarsals (7) : talus - articulates with tibia calcaneus - heal bone -metatarsals (5) = sole -phalanges (14 ) -digits (toes) note: all are long bones (except patella and tarsals)
45
differentiating right vs. left
requires 2 features: *anterior/posterior *medial/lateral eg. scapula (spine-posterior/glenoid fossa-lateral) humerus (olecranon fossa-posterior)/head-medial) femur (lateral/medial condyles (posterior) / head (medial)) tibia (tibial tuberosity (anterior)/ medial malleolus (medial))
46
long bone components (8)
``` diaphysis epiphyses epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line medullary cavity periosteum endosteum articular cartilage ```
47
Diaphysis
shaft (body)
48
epiphyses
proximal and distal extremities
49
epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage | used for bone growth (length)
50
epiphyseal line
- replaces plate with bone when growth completed | - plate/line-where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet
51
periostesum
- external surface - 2 layers of connective tissue * outer=dense irregular * inner=mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts - allows bone to grow in diameter
52
endosteum
lines medullary cavity and canals | contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
53
medullary cavity
red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult
54
articular cartilage
hyaline (only at articulation points) | prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
55
histology
bone and cartilage
56
bone consists of :
a) cells: osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts ``` b) matrix: ground substance -hydroxyapatite=insoluble Ca2+ phosphate salts (strength) collagen fibres (flexibility) water ```
57
2 types of bone
compact bone | spongy bone
58
compact bone
-converts external surfaces of all bones -composed of osteons -each osteon contains: lamellae lacunae (with osteocytes) canaliculi central canal perforating canal
59
lamellae
concentric circles of matrix
60
lacunae (with osteocytes)
between lamellae (space within matrix where osteocytes live)
61
canaliculi
small channels that connect osteocytes to blood supply and to each other
62
central canal
contains blood vessels and nerves | lined with endosteum
63
perforating canal
- perpendicular to central canal | - carry bloody supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity
64
spongy bone
-no osteons -have trabeculae (irregularly arranged lamellae) -canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae -spaces contain bone marrow (red marrow produces blood cells)
65
where is spongy bone found?
*flat and irregular bone (eg. skull, ribs, vertebrae) *long bones: epiphyses lining medullary cavity
66
Cartilage (CT)
hyaline cartilage non-vascular structure: chondrocytes in lacunae matrix: - shiny ground substance contains chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid - collagen fibres - water
67
articulations/joints
point of contact between 2 or more bones | 2 classes: structural and functional
68
structural classification (anatomical) based on:
- presence / absence of joint cavity | - type of CT
69
types of structural joints
fibrous cartilaginous synovial
70
fibrous
no joint cavity fibrous CT eg. sutures in skull (fontanels in a newborn)
71
cartilaginous
- no joint cavity - cartilage attaches bones - eg. pubic symphysis, costal cartilages of ribs
72
synovial
``` eg. shoulder, elbow, hip, knee structure: -articular cartilage (hyaline) -joint cavity -articular/joint capsule ```
73
joint cavity
contains synovial fluid
74
articular / joint fluid
``` outer layer = fibrous capsule -attaches to periosteum -may have ligaments within (capsule=thickened) or separate inner layer=synovial membrane (CT only) -secretes synovial fluid ```
75
types of structural
grouped according to shape of articulating bones - plane/gliding - hinge - pivot - ball and socket
76
plane/gliding
- flat surfaces | eg. sacroiliac
77
hinge
concave/convex surfaces | eg. elbow, knee
78
pivot
projection in ring | eg. dens (on axis) in atlas
79
ball and socket
great freedom of movement eg. humerus in glenoid fossa eg. femur in acetabulum (hip)
80
functional classification (physiological) based on:
degree of movement
81
types of functional joints
synarthrotic amphiarthrotic diarthrotic
82
synarthrotic
immovable | eg. skull sutures
83
amphiarthrotic
slightly moveable | eg. pubic symphysis
84
diarthrotic
freely moveable | eg. hip, shoulder

Anatomy (14 decks)

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