Chemical Level Of Organization

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

Smallest, stable unit of matter

Question 2

Element

Answer 2

Substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances

Gold is one element, comprised of many atoms of Au

Question 3

Molecule

Answer 3

Smallest particle of a substance containing 2 or more atoms

Question 4

Compound

Answer 4

Combination of 2 or more elements

(H=atom and element, 2H=element, H2=element and molecule, H2O=molecule and compound

Question 5

Sub-atomic Particles

Answer 5

Protons (positive), Neutrons (neutral), & Electrons (negative)

Question 6

Atomic Number

Answer 6

Number of protons

Question 7

Atomic Weight

Answer 7

Average mass of isotopes

Question 8

Isotopes

Answer 8

Different number of neutrons

Question 9

Electrons

Answer 9

In outer cloud, ONLY participants in chemical reactions

Question 10

Non-polar Covalent Bond

Answer 10

Equal sharing of electrons between 2 of the same element (H2, O2, N2, etc.)

Question 11

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 11

Unequal sharing of electrons between 2 different elements

Question 12

Ionic Bond

Answer 12

Occurs between 2 ions (1 metal, 1 gas) that have given or taken electrons

Question 13

Cations

Answer 13

Positive charge

Question 14

Anions

Answer 14

Negative charge

Question 15

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 15

Attraction between the two opposing polar ends of different molecules (H2O attracts to the opposing ends of H2O)

Question 16

Intra-Molecular Bonds

Answer 16

Very strong bonds within one molecule that are broken by chemical reactions

Question 17

Inter-Molecular Bonds

Answer 17

Relatively weak bonds between two or more different molecules that are broken by physical means

Question 18

Reactions

Answer 18

Consume reactants to make products

Question 19

Metabolism

Answer 19

Sum of all physical and chemical processes in the body

Question 20

Types of reactions

Answer 20

• Decomposition: one thing becomes many
• Synthesis: many things become one
• Exchange: wife swapping

Question 21

Types of energy

Answer 21

Potential- relative to position

Kinetic- relative to motion

Question 22

Enzymes

Answer 22

Organic catalysts, lower activation energy and allow reactions to occur much easier and faster.

Question 23

Exergonic

Answer 23

System releases energy (heat) into the surroundings.

EX: metabolic processes or freezing water

Question 24

Endergonic

Answer 24

System consumes energy (heat) from the surroundings.

EX: melting ice

Question 25

Organic molecules always have______&______. Many also have______.

Answer 25

Carbon, hydrogen Oxygen

Question 26

Not all carbon molecules are_____.

Answer 26

Organic

Question 27

Acids

Answer 27

Release hydrogen ions (HCl)

Question 28

Bases

Answer 28

Remove or consume hydrogen ions (NaOH)

Question 29

pH Scale

Answer 29

0<14 0 Acid , 7 Neutral (water), 14 Base

Question 30

Buffers

Answer 30

Weak acids and bases that maintain pH, some can act as acids or bases

Question 31

Carbohydrates

Answer 31

Most important indirect energy source from food 1:2:1 [Cn(H2O)n]- glucose is the basic unit Ex: monosaccharides (glucose), disaccharides (table sugar), polysaccharides (starch or fiber)

Question 32

Fats (Lipids)

Answer 32

Less oxygen than carbs allows for higher hydrogen concentration, fatty acid is basic unit. EX: fatty acids, fats, steroids, phospholipids Saturated w/ hydrogen vs unsaturated w/ hydrogen Hydrophilic (polar) heads vs hydrophobic (non-polar) tails

Question 33

Proteins

Answer 33

Most abundant organic compound in the human body. Comprise most physical structures, often act as enzymes. Amino acid>Peptide>Polypeptide>Protein

Question 34

Nucleic Acids

Answer 34

DNA & RNA, nucleotide is the basic unit (composed of a nitrogenous base, simple sugar, and a phosphate) DNA double-helix stands held in pairs by hydrogen bonds

Question 35

ATP

Answer 35

Actual energy source or energy currency. ATP produces energy by becoming ADP and consumes energy to convert back to ATP. The conversion of ADP and AMP into ATP is the primary purpose of indirect energy sources (carbs and fats)