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BMS03 > Chemical Signalling 1 > Flashcards

Chemical Signalling 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the general steps of cell communication by extracellular signals

A
  1. Synthesis and release of signalling molecule by signalling cell
  2. Transport of signal to target cell
  3. Detection of incoming signal by a receptor on target cell/organelle
  4. Binding of signal to receptor = biological response
  5. Removal of signal = termination of response
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2
Q

Give three examples of hormones and growth factors

A

Any from:

Oestradiol
Progesterone
Growth hormone
Nerve growth factor
Epidermal growth factor
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3
Q

Give three examples of metabolic regulators

A

Any from:

Insulin
Glucagon
Adrenaline
Cortisol

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4
Q

Give three examples of neurotransmitter

A

Any from:

Glutamate
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
GABA
Opioids
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5
Q

Give three examples of inflammatory mediators

A

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Cytokines

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6
Q

What are the four types of signalling molecules?

A

Hormones/growth factors

Metabolic regulators

Neurotransmitters

Inflammatory mediators

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7
Q

What are the three main types of signalling and what is this classification based on?

A

Endocrine

Paracrine

Autocrine

Based on distance over which the signals act

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8
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

Secretion of hormones into bloodstream

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9
Q

What type of organs/glands are involved in endocrine signalling?

A

Endocrine organs/glands

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10
Q

How far are the target cells from site of signalling molecule synthesis in endocrine signalling?

A

Up to a few metres

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11
Q

What are the steps of endocrine signalling?

A
  1. Stimulation of endocrine gland to synthesise and secrete hormone
  2. Hormone carried in bloodstream to target cells
  3. Hormone binds to and activates receptor to stimulate a biological response
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12
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

Signalling to adjacent cells

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13
Q

What is an example of paracrine signalling?

A

Transmission at neuromuscular junctions

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14
Q

How far apart are the cells involved in paracrine signalling?

A

A few microns/micrometres

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15
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

Signalling back onto the same cell

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16
Q

What is an example of autocrine signalling?

A

Any from:

Tumour cells

Certain growth factors

Autoreceptors (neurotransmitter release)

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17
Q

What are cell surface receptors?

A

Integral proteins which bind signalling molecules with high selectivity and high affinity

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18
Q

What are the three major classes of receptors?

A

Ionotropic

Metabotropic

Catalytic

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19
Q

Give an example of an ionotropic receptor

A

Nicotinic cholinergic receptor

Ionotropic glutamate receptor

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20
Q

What is another name for ionotropic receptors

A

Ligand-gated ion channels

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21
Q

What is another term for metabotropic receptors?

A

7 transmembrane spanning G-protein coupled receptors

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22
Q

Give an example of a metabotropic receptor

A

Glucagon receptor

Adrenaline receptor

(Beta adrenergic receptors)

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23
Q

What does RTK stand for?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinase

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24
Q

What kind of receptor is RTK?

A

Catalytic

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25
Give an example of a catalytic receptor
Insulin receptor Nerve growth receptor
26
What are the two types of intracellular signalling pathways?
Signalling cascades/adaptor protein scaffolds Secondary messengers
27
Which receptor uses signalling cascades/adaptor protein scaffolds?
RTK
28
What type of receptor uses secondary messengers?
GPCR
29
Give an example of an effector enzyme
Adenylyl cyclase Phospholipase C
30
Give an example of a second messenger molecule
``` cAMP cGMP Arachidonic acid Nitric oxide IP3 DAG ```
31
What second messenger does adenylyl cyclase produce?
cAMP
32
What second messenger does phospholipase C produce?
IP3 (inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate) OR DAG (1,2-diacylglycerol)
33
Where is the G-protein interaction domain on a 7TMGPCR?
Between the 5th and 6th transmembrane protein
34
What is the main type of secondary protein structure present in a 7TMGPCR?
Alpha helix
35
Where is the N-terminal of a 7TMGPCR?
Outside the cell
36
Where is the C-terminal of a 7TMGPCR?
Inside the cell
37
When is a G-protein active?
When bound to GTP
38
What is a G-protein?
Molecular “switch” that carries information from receptors to effector enzymes
39
How many subunits is the G-protein (involved in GPCR signalling) made up of?
3 (heterotrimeric)
40
What are the steps in GPCR signalling?
1. Hormone binds to receptor 2. Inactive G-protein associates with receptor 3. GTP is exchanged for the GDP (activation of G-protein) 4. G-protein dissociates into alpha-GTP and beta-gamma subunits 5. Alpha-GTP activates effector enzyme 6. Effector enzyme produces second messenger 7. GTP hydrolysed to GDP and G-protein complex reassociates; signalling ends
41
What G-protein is associated with beta-adrenergic receptors?
Gs
42
What G-protein is associated with cannabinoid (CB1) receptors?
Gi
43
What G-protein is associated with M1 muscarinic (ACh/alpha-1 adrenergic) receptors?
Gq
44
What effector enzyme is associated with beta-adrenergic receptors? What is the effect?
Adenylyl cyclase Increase cAMP production
45
What effector enzyme is associated with cannabinoid (CB1) receptors? What is the effect?
Adenylyl cyclase Decrease cAMP production
46
What effector enzyme is associated with M1 muscarinic (ACh/alpha-1 adrenergic) receptors? What is the effect?
Phospholipase C Produce IP3 (release calcium from stores) Produce DAG (activates PKC)
47
What does IP3 trigger?
Release of calcium from stores
48
What is the function of DAG?
Activate PKC
49
What is the structure of PKA?
4 sub-units: 2 catalytic, 2 regulatory
50
What does PKA stand for?
cAMP dependent protein kinase A
51
What happens when cAMP and PKA bind?
PKA falls apart releasing catalytic subunits
52
What occurs after the PKA catalytic subunits are released?
Serine/threonine phosphorylation
53
What is the result of serine/threonine phosphorylation? (2)
Short term signalling actions (metabolic) Phosphorylation of CREB
54
What is CREB?
cAMP response element binding protein (transcription factor)
55
What does CREB phosphorylation affect?
Affects glucose/glutamate transporters (regulating gene expression)
56
What enzyme converts cAMP to 5’AMP?
Phosphodiesterase
57
What is the function of phosphodiesterase?
Convert cAMP to 5’AMP No binding to PKA therefore terminates response
58
What type of receptor is stimulated in the “fight or flight” response?
Beta adrenergic
59
What is the point in the “fight or flight” response?
Liberates glucose for respiration (more energy released) More cAMP to stimulate more PKA
60
What enzymes are stimulated in the “fight or flight” response?
(Adenylyl cyclase and PKA) Glycogen phosphorylase kinase Glycogen phosphorylase
61
What enzyme is inhibited in the “fight or flight” response?
Glycogen synthase
62
What does the stimulation of glycogen phosphorylase cause?
Increased glycogen degradation
63
What does the inhibition of glycogen synthase cause?
Decreased glycogen synthesis

BMS03 (12 decks)

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