Histology Of Neural Tissue

Question 1

What are the functions of neural tissue?

Answer 1

Gather information

Transmit information (to processing area of brain and spinal cord)

Integration/process information

Send information to effector tissue

Question 2

How many neurons are there in the brain?

Answer 2

More than 100 billion neurons

Question 3

How many glial cells are in the brain?

Answer 3

10x the number of neurons

Question 4

What is a multipolar neuron?

Answer 4

Many processes (dendrites) extending from soma/cell body

Question 5

Give an example of a multipolar neuron

Answer 5

Spinal motor neuron

Pyramidal neuron

(Purkinje cell)

Question 6

What is a bipolar neuron?

Answer 6

Two processes extending from cell body/soma

Axon and dendrite

Question 7

Give an example of a bipolar neuron

Answer 7

Retinal cells

Olfactory epithelium cells

Question 8

What is a pseudounipolar neuron?

Answer 8

Neuron with only one process

Axon that splits, one branch to spinal cord and other to skin/muscle

Question 9

Give an example of a pseudounipolar neuron

Answer 9

Dorsal root ganglion cells

Question 10

What part of an astrocyte forms the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 10

Astrocyte perivascular end-feet

Question 11

What is the function of a dendrite?

Answer 11

Increase surface area for connections/synapsing with other neurons

Question 12

What are the smaller processes on dendrites?

Answer 12

Dendritic spines

Question 13

What part of the cell body faces the axon?

Answer 13

Axon hillock

Question 14

What are Nissl bodies?

Answer 14

RER

Question 15

What parts of the cytoskeleton are present in the axon?

Answer 15

Neurofilaments

Microtubules

Question 16

What transports vesicles and enzyme systems towards the synapse?

Answer 16

Microtubules with kinesin

Question 17

What part of the cytoskeleton drives dendritic spine protrusion and retraction?

Answer 17

Actin

Question 18

What increases the rate of action potential propagation?

Answer 18

Myelination

Higher temperature

Larger axon diameter

Question 19

How many axons can an oligodendrocyte myelinate?

Answer 19

Up to 16

Question 20

What is myelin?

Answer 20

Electrical insulator

Layers of modified membranes containing a higher proportion of lipid (than other cells)

Question 21

What are the gaps between myelinated sections called?

Answer 21

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 22

What are the sections between nodes of Ranvier called?

Answer 22

Internode

Question 23

How do action potentials travel along a myelinated axon?

Answer 23

Saltatory conduction

Question 24

What are regions of uncompacted myelin called?

Answer 24

Schmidt-Lanterman clefts

Question 25

What is the function of Schmidt-Lanterman clefts?

Answer 25

Allow maintenance of myelin

Question 26

What is the forebrain called?

Answer 26

Cerebrum

Question 27

What is the hindbrain called?

Answer 27

Cerebellum

Question 28

What is the function of the central nervous system?

Answer 28

Integrate inputs and coordinate outputs

Question 29

What causes Herpes Zoster “Shingles”?

Answer 29

Varicella zoster virus (resides in ganglia after initial “chicken-pox” infection)

Question 30

What stimuli does the somatic nervous system receive signals for?

Answer 30

Heat Pain Touch

Question 31

What does the somatic nervous system control?

Answer 31

Voluntary muscles

Question 32

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Answer 32

Involuntary muscles Secretory glands

Question 33

Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise from (spinal cord)?

Answer 33

T1-L2

Question 34

What are the layers of connective tissue in nerves?

Answer 34

Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium

Question 35

Where is endoneurium in a nerve?

Answer 35

Surrounding individual nerve fibres (axon and Schwann cells)

Question 36

Where is perineurium in a nerve?

Answer 36

Surrounding fascicles

Question 37

What does the perineurium consist of?

Answer 37

Layer of fibroblasts with cell to cell contact

Question 38

Where is epineurium in a nerve?

Answer 38

Surrounding the whole nerve

Question 39

On an electron micrograph of a nerve, what cells do the nuclei belong to?

Answer 39

Schwann cells

Question 40

What is a motor unit?

Answer 40

Set of muscle fibres innervated by the axonal branches of a single motor neuron

Question 41

What is the term used to describe the dynamic synaptic connections?

Answer 41

Plasticity