Chemical structures and enzyme classes mini lectures

Question 1

ways of classification of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Aldose - carbonyl at one end of molecule
Ketose - carbonyl is in the
middle of the molecule

Length of carbon atoms

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

A large group of organic compounds containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
A polyhydroxyl aldehyde or ketone
includes sugars such as glucose
includes polyssachrides such as cellulose glycogen and starch
glycosidic bonds link different units

Question 2

Fischer projection

Answer 2

carbohydrate presented in straight chain form

Question 3

Haworth projection

Answer 3

carbohydrate shown in ring form

Question 4

structural isomer

Answer 4

A chemical with same molecular formula but different chemical structures

Question 5

Stereoisomer

Answer 5

Same molecular formula and connection of atoms but different 3D spatial arrangement.
Either enantiomers or diastereoisomers

Question 6

Enantiomers

Answer 6

Stereoisomers with non superimposable mirror images. Identical physical properties but rotate polarised light in different directions

Question 7

Diastereoisomers

Answer 7

Two or more stereoisomers of a compound which have different configurations at one or more of the stereocenters and are not mirror images of eachother

Question 8

Epimers

Answer 8

type of diastereoisomer which differe at one of the several asymetrical carbon atoms

Question 9

Anomers

Answer 9

Diastereoisomers that differe at a new asymmetrical carbon atom formed on ring closure
eg alpha / beta glucose

Question 10

Classes of enzymes

Answer 10

Oxidoreductase
transferase
hydrolase
lyase
isomerase
ligase

Question 11

Oxidoreductase

Answer 11

catalyse oxidation-reduction reactions
includes dehydrogenases, oxidases, oxygenases
eg. alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 12

Transferase

Answer 12

Catalyse transfer of C, N, or P containing groups
includes Kinases, transcarboxylases

Question 13

Hydrolases

Answer 13

catalyse cleavage of covalent bonds by water
includes esterases and phosphatases

Question 14

lyases

Answer 14

catalyse cleavage of C-C C-S and C-N covalent bond
stable metabolites are lost to form a double
or
stable metabolites are added to a double bond
includes decarboxylase and hydratases

Question 15

Isomerase

Answer 15

catalyse racemisation(moving atoms/funcitional groups around) of isomers
intramolecular rearrangements

Question 16

ligases

Answer 16

Catalyse formation of covalent bonds between carbon + O/S/N
requires energy so paired with hydrolysis of ATP