Chemicals

Question 0

Peptides

Hydrophilic

Answer 0

Created from chains of amino acids

Secreted by hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Oxytocin and ADH

Question 1

Steroids

Answer 1

Derived from cholesterol

Secreted from gonads and adrenal cortex

Estrogen,testosterone, aldosterone (hydrophobic) needs carrier

Question 2

Monoamines

Hydrophilic

Answer 2

• Derived from amino acids
• Secreted by adrenal medulla, pineal, and thyroid glands
• Epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin

Question 3

-Ogen

Answer 3

Used at the end of an inactive hormone

Question 4

Peptide synthesis

Answer 4

Starts as preprohormone
Moves to Rough ER
Becomes prohormone
Golgi Apparatus does final transport/secretion

Question 5

Thyroid hormone

Answer 5

Binds to Albumin for transport

Question 6

Low thyroid problem

Answer 6

Development of half eyebrows

Question 7

Steroid hormones

Answer 7

Bind to globulins

Question 8

Aldosterone

Answer 8

Short half life (10-20), 85% unbound

Can bind to albumin

Increases sodium concentration in blood

Question 9

Hydrophilic’s and hydrophobics

Answer 9

Hydrophilic >Use second messenger system #Gprotien

Hydrophobic > Diffuse across membrane (intracellular Receptors)

Question 10

Receptor

Answer 10

–Specific for each hormone

–Saturated when all receptor molecules are occupied by hormone molecules

Question 11

Up regulation

Answer 11

of receptors increase

Question 12

Down regulation

Answer 12

# of receptors decrease 
Long term exposure to high concentrations of a hormone

Question 13

•Synergistic effects

Answer 13

thyroid and growth hormone

Question 14

Permissive effects

Answer 14

Thyroid and insulin

Question 15

Antagonistic effects

Answer 15

Insulin and glucagon

Question 16

General Adaptation Syndrome GAS

Answer 16

1. Alarm reactions -Sodium and water retention
2. Resistance -Fat and protein breakdown, Gluconeogenesis
3. Exhaustion -Protein breakdown and muscle wasting

Question 17

Endocrine disorder

Answer 17

•Hyposecretion – inadequate hormone release
tumor or lesion destroys gland

•Hypersecretion – excessive hormone release
–tumors or autoimmune disorder

Question 18

Pituitary disorders

Answer 18

acromegaly –thickening of the bones and soft tissues
Over secretion= gigantism
Hypo secretion= dwarfism

Question 19

•Myxedema

Answer 19

–low metabolic rate, sluggishness, sleepiness, weight gain, constipation, cold sensitivity

Question 20

•Cushing syndrome

Answer 20

• excess cortical
  weakness, edema
  –muscle and bone loss occurs with protein catabolism
  –buffalo hump and moon face

Question 21

Type 2 vs Type 1

Answer 21

Type 1- fixed by diet and exercise

Type 2- hereditary, resistant of insulin

Question 22

T3 and T4 primary effect

Answer 22

To increase metabolism