ANS

Question 0

Autonomic tone

Answer 0

Normal background rate that reps the balance of the two systems according to body needs

Question 1

ACh

Answer 1

Secreted by all pregangilonic receptors

Question 2

–Parasympathetic tone

Answer 2

• Maintains smooth muscle tone in intestines

* Holds resting heart rate down to about 70 to 80 beats per minute

Question 3

–Sympathetic tone

Answer 3

•Keeps most blood vessels partially constricted and maintains blood pressure
(Innervates blood vessels almost exclusively)

Question 4

Sympathetic division: origins, fiber lengths, ganglia location

Answer 4

Fibers come from t1 & t2 (ventral rami)

Pregangilonic communicanta are short myelinated fibers
Postganglionic are unmyelinated

•Exist in 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 1 coccygeal ganglion

Question 5

Dual innervation

Answer 5

Viscera that receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers

Having antagonistic or cooperative effects on an organ

Question 6

–Antagonistic effect

Answer 6

Oppose each other

Ex: sympathetic division will speed up HR and parasympathetic will slow it down

Question 7

–Cooperative effects

Answer 7

Two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified overall effect #WorkTogether

Question 8

Parasympathetic division: origins, fiber lengths, ganglia location

Answer 8

–Fibers in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X
–Fibers arising from sacral spinal cord

•Terminal ganglia in or near target organs

–Long preganglionic, short postganglionic fibers

Question 9

Parasympathetic fibers

Answer 9

All are cholinergic because they secrete ACh

Question 10

Adrenal glands

Answer 10

–Adrenal cortex (outer layer)
•Secretes steroid hormones

–Adrenal medulla (inner core)
*sympathetic ganglion
•modified postganglionic neurons without dendrites or axons
•Stimulated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
•Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine #neurotransmitter

Question 11

Cholinergic Receptors

Answer 11

Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors

Question 12

Muscarinic receptors

Answer 12

• All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells have muscarinic receptors
• Excitatory or inhibitory due to subclasses of muscarinic receptors

Question 13

Nicotinic receptors

Answer 13

•On all ANS postganglionic neurons, in the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle
•Excitatory when ACh binding occurs
Opens Na+ channels

Question 14

Adrenergic fibers

Answer 14

Secrete norepinephrine which synapses to adrenergic receptors along with epinephrine

Question 15

Adrenergic receptors

Answer 15

A1- excitatory ex:stimulates piloerectus muscles(hair)

B1- excitatory-heart and kidneys ex: stimulates RAAS
B2- inhibitory- ex: relaxes and dilates bronchioles for breathing
B3- excitatory- modified B1, goes to adipose tissue

Question 16

Vasodilation

Answer 16

Relax muscle, increase blood flow/secretion

Question 17

Vasoconstriction

Answer 17

Constrict muscles, decrease blood flow/secretion

Question 18

Sympathetic chain ganglia

Answer 18

• Synapse to postganglionic neuron in first ganglion it enters #sweatGlands(spinal nerve route)
• Travels up or down the chain to synapse in a ganglia at other levels #IrisLungs(sympathetic nerve route)
• splanchnic nerves that go to 2nd set of ganglia called collateral ganglia, synapsing with postganglionics #LiverKidneys (splanchnic nerve route)

Question 19

Preganglionic fibers

Answer 19

Small myelinated fibers, travel nerve to ganglion through white ramus communicans

Question 20

Enteric nervous system

Answer 20

Made of sensory, enteric and ans motor neurons

Digestive systems semi nervous system

Question 21

Baroreceptors

Answer 21

The autonomic reflex that regulates blood pressure