Chemistry Flashcards by Herman Lin

To identify the chemical compounds dissolved in a sample, a student dips a clean piece of nichrome wire into the sample and burns it in a flame. By name or number, identify all of the following five substances that might be present if the flame burns blue: 1) Selenium 2) Sodium 3) Arsenic 4) Boron 5) Lead

Selenium, Arsenic, Lead

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Given that the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of oxygen and ethane is 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 –> 4 CO2 + 6 H2O, if 16 grams of O2 react with excess C2H6, to the nearest gram, how many grams of CO2 will be reacted?

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How many lone pairs of electrons are on the phosphorus atom in PF3 ?

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Given the balanced equation H2SO4 + 2 NaOH –> Na2SO4 + 2 H2O, in an acid-base titration, 25 milliliters of 0.2 molar H2SO4 were required to neutralize 100 milliliters of NaOH solution. Providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, what is the molarity of the NaOH solution?

0.1

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Which of the following molecules contains only one non-bonding pair of valence electrons?

W) HCN
X ) NH4 +
Y ) C2H4
Z ) N2

W) HCN

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Given the balanced equation 2 C4H10 + 13 O2 –> 8 CO2 + 10 H2O, what is the percent yield of water if 15 moles of water is obtained when 4 moles of butane is burned in excess oxygen?

75%

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What is the hybridization of xenon atom in xenon tetrafluoride?

sp3d2

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A 2.00 mole sample of ammonium nitrate is decomposed in a bomb calorimeter. The temperature if the calorimeter increases by 12 Kelvin. The heat capacity of the system is 1.5 kilo joules per Kelvin. What is the molar heat of decomposition of ammonium nitrate in kilojoules?

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To identify the chemical compounds dissolved in a sample, a student dips a clean piece of nichrome wire into the sample and burns it in a flame. The flame burns red. What metal does the mixture probably contain?

Calcium ( Lithium, Strontium, Rubidium)

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What are the decay mode and the daughter nuclide, respectively, of potassium-37 ?

Electron Capture, Argon-37

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Give the specific name for the following function group: a nitrogen atom bonded to two carbon chains and a hydrogen atom?

Secondary Amine

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At 25 degree Celsius, the vapor pressure of water is about 3 kilo pascals and the vapor pressure of methanol is about 15 kilo pascals. Assuming no deviation from Raoult’s law, determine the vapor pressure, in kilo pascals, of a mixture of 1 mole of methanol and 2 moles of water.

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By name or number, identify all of the following four substances that are substitutional alloys: 1) brass 2) steel 3) sterling silver 4) pewter

1, 3, 4

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A chemist is trying to identify a chemical by determining its molar mass. A sample weighting 0.75 grams was dissolved in 0.10 kilograms of benzene of 5 degree Celsius kilograms per mole, what is the molar mass of the chemical in grams per mole to the nearest whole number?

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A well near the beach is suspected to be contaminated with chloride ions from sea water. If chloride is present, which of the following will produce a cloudy suspension when mixed with water?

W) Silver Nitrate
X ) Sodium Nitrate
Y ) Potassium Acetate
Z ) Calcium Bromide

W) Silver Nitrate

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The molar mass of carbon dioxide is 44 grams. Providing your answer to the nearest integer, if 88 grams of solid carbon dioxide sublimates, how many liters of carbon dioxide gas will be formed at standard temperature and pressure?

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Which of the following has a melting point of 185 degree Celsius and readily dissolves in water at room temperature, but is NOT an electrolyte:

W) NaCl
X ) Decane
Y ) Methane
Z ) Sucrose

Z ) Sucrose

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Give the systematic chemical name for the following ionic compound : Cr2(SeO4)3

Chromium (III) Selenate

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Which of the following is a substance whose molecular and empirical formula are NOT the same?

W) Benzene
X ) Water
Y ) Ammonia
Z ) Sulfur Dioxide

W) Benzene

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Which of the following is a molecule with a square pyramidal molecular geometry around its central atom?

W) PCl5
X ) ClF5
Y ) XeF4
Z ) SF6

Y ) XeF4

PCl5: Trigonal Bipyramidal; XeF4: Square Planar; SF6: Octahedral

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An organic compound with the formula C6H14 is an:

W) Alkane
X ) Alkene
Y ) Alkyne
Z ) Arene

W) Alkane

Alkane : (C n) (H 2n+2)

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Which of the following gases has the highest effusion rate through a pinhole opening from one compartment to another and at room temperature?

W) Argon
X ) CO2
Y ) SO2
Z ) Helium

Z ) Helium

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Name all of the following three concentration units that are temperature-dependent: molal; Molarity; Normality

Molarity; Normality

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Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, in kilo joules, of water at 25 degree Celsius and at 1 atmosphere. Assume the standard enthalpy of water gas is -286kJ and the standard enthalpy of water gas is -242kJ:

Enthalpy(reaction) = Final Enthalpy of products - Final Enthalpy of reactants = -242kJ - (-286)

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Name the two spectator ions in the reaction of Lead(II) Nitrate and sodium sulfide.

NO3- and Na+

Place the following molecules or ions in order of increasing stability: He2, O2, O2 2-, He2 +, O2-

He2, He2+, O2 2-, O2-, O2

By the name or number, identify which of the following three species is paramagnetic 1) CO, 2) CO+ 3) CO2+

CO+

By name or number, order the following four elements from least to most exothermic electron affinity 1) Fluorine 2) Chlorine 3) Bromine 4) Iodine

Iodine, Bromine, Fluorine, Chlorine

Which of the following elements will react most vigorously with water to form Hydrogen gas as a byproduct? W) Magnesium X) Barium Y) Potassium Z) Bismuth

Y) Potassium

If you want to separate a liquid mixture containing at least one volatile component, which of the following techniques could you use? W) Scrubbing X) Stripping Y) Electrorefining Z) Effusion

Stripping

Which of the following compounds is NOT named correctly? | W) SnF2, Stannous Fluoride X) CuCl, Cuprous Chloride Y) PbO2, Plumbic Oxide Z) FeO, Ferric Oxide

Z) Ferric Oxide

The following gaseous phase reaction is in equilibrium: CO+H2 CH3OH. If you decrease the volume of the container holding the gas, what happens to the equilibrium?

Shifts to the right(More Methanol is produced, more product is produced.)

By the name or number, identify all of the following four motions that describe how atoms in a methylene group can vibrate: 1) Rocking 2) Symmetrical stretching 3) see-sawing 4)twisting

1,2,4

``` Which of the following pairs does NOT correctly match the element and its oxidation number? W) Oxygen in H2O2, 2- X ) Bromine in Br2, 0 Y ) Sodium in NaCl, 1+ Z ) Sulfur in SO3 2- and +4 ```

W) Oxygen in H2O2 and 2-

Identify by name or number all of the following five factors upon which the rate of a gaseous phase reaction substantially depends: 1) reactant concentration 2) molecule size 3) number of distinct products and reactants 4) activation energy 5) pressure

1,4,5

``` Which of the following compounds is generally considered soluble in water? W) Sodium Nitrate X ) Magnesium Carbonate Y ) silver chloride Z ) Barium Sulfate ```

W) Sodium Nitrate

Nitrous acid plus calcium hydroxide yield calcium nitrite plus water. which of the following represents the coefficients for the compounds, in the order listed, when reaction is correctly balanced? W) 1,2,1,1 X) 1,1,1,1 Y) 2,2,1,2 Z) 2,1,1,2

Z) 2,1,1,2

Name two of the elements that are common exceptions to the octet rule, because they are frequently found in compounds in which they have only six valence electrons.

(Accept 2) Boron, Aluminum, Beryllium

Regarding butylene's Alkene isomers, which of the following statement is correct? W) Some are cis-trans isomers X ) Some are chiral Y ) Some are enantiomers Z ) Some are atropisomers

W) Some are cis-trans isomers

In which of the following compounds does nitrogen have an unpaired electron? W) Ammonia X) Nitrous oxide Y) Sodium nitrate Z) Nitric oxide

Z) Nitric oxide

A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide is titrated with aqueous hydrochloric acid. Using proper chemical nomenclature and indicating the state of each substance, such as solid, liquid, aqueous, or gas, what is the balanced molecular equation for this reaction?

Ca(OH)2(aq)+ 2HCl(aq) -> CaCl2(aq)+ 2H2O(l)

``` Which of the following is NOT a colligative property of a solution? W) Freezing point depression X) Osmotic pressure Y) Percent by mass Z) Boiling point elevation ```

Y) PERCENT BY MASS

How many liters of 2 molar sulfuric acid are required to titrate three liters of 0.4 molar nitric acid?

0.3

When the equation O2 + C6H14 -> CO2+ H2O is balanced with the lowest whole number coefficients, what is the coefficient of O2?

Given the reaction: 4PH3(aq) -> P4(g)+ 6H2(g), if 0.0048 moles of PH3 are consumed each second of the experiment, providing your answer to the nearest ten thousandth, what is the rate of production in moles per second of P4?

0.0012

``` Which of the following species is NOT considered an electrolyte? W) Sodium hydroxide X) Hydrogen chloride Y) Aluminum nitrate Z) Diethyl ether ```

Z) DIETHYL ETHER

By name or number, identify all of the following four substances that would show a positive result in a Benedict's test: 1) simple sugars, 2) starches, 3) proteins, 4) lipids.

1) Simple Sugars

About how many calories per gram will it take to sublimate water at standard pressure? W) 180 X) 360 Y) 540 Z) 720

Z) 720 (sublimation is solid -> vapor; 80 cal + 100 cal + 540 cal = 720 cal)

A Buchner funnel is a piece of laboratory glassware often used in chemistry labs for which of the following procedures: W) combustion X) filtration Y) centrifugation Z) distillation

X) filtration

Which of the following is one of the main reasons why oxygenates are used as gasoline additives: W) allow for more complete combustion X) decrease sulfur buildup in engine pistons Y) prevent water condensation in stored fuels Z) corrosion inhibition

W) allow for more complete combustion

Consider the following equilibrium reaction, PCl5(gas) PCl3(gas)+ Cl2(gas) . If a 2 mole sample of PCl5 dissociates to give 0.2 moles of Cl2 at equilibrium, find the molar amounts, to the 1st decimal place, of PCl5 at equilibrium:

1.8 (2 - 0.2)

What are the 2 alkenes with the shortest carbon chains and lowest molecular weights?

ETHYLENE; PROPYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE; PROPENE)

Arrange the following 4 metals in order of increasing reactivity in dilute HCl: zinc; aluminum; gold; calcium

GOLD; ZINC; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM

What is the general name for a substance that facilitates a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy while remaining unaltered?

Catalyst

You need to prepare 500 milliliters of a 0.100 molar NaOH solution from a 0.250 molar solution. What volume, in milliliters, of the 0.250 molar solution must be diluted to 500 milliliters?

200 (M1V1= M2V2; (0.250M)(x) = (0.100M)(500ml),x= 200 ml)

A solution is prepared by mixing 1 gram of ethanol with 100 grams of water to give a final volume of 101 milliliters. Calculate to the nearest integer the mass percent of ethanol in the solution.

What is the conjugate acid in the reaction of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide?

Water

Which of the following is a covalent bond formed by orbitals overlapping end to end? W) Alpha X) Beta Y) Sigma Z) Pi

Y) Sigma

The radius of a gold atom is 144 picometers and its density is 19.32 grams per cubic centimeter. What kind of crystal structure does the unit cell of elemental gold have?

FACE CENTERED CUBIC

The convex meniscus of mercury in a capillary tube indicates which of the following? W) Mercury is highly attracted to glass X) Mercury is polar Y) Mercury’s cohesion is greater than its adhesion Z) Mercury is soluble in water

Y) MERCURY’S COHESION IS GREATER THAN ITS A DHESION

What compound is the reducing agent in the reaction: | CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

CH4

``` Which of the following series of spectral line emissions of the hydrogen atom is in the visible spectrum? W) Paschen X) Balmer Y) Brackett Z) Lyman ```

X) Balmer

To check the accuracy of a graduated cylinder, a student repeatedly filled the cylinder to the 25 milliliter mark using water delivered from a buret and then read the volume delivered. The results of the trials in milliliters were as follows: 1) 26.54, 2)26.51, 3) 26.60, 4) 26.49, and 5) 26.57. What type of error do these results primarily demonstrate? W) Systematic X) Random Y) Conceptual Z) Observational

W) Systematic

In scientific notation, one attojoule is equal to how many joules?

1x10^-18

What is the IUPAC name of the compound PbCO3?

Lead(II) Carbonate

Reduction involves which of the following? W) Gain of electrons and increase in oxidation number X) Loss of electrons and increase in oxidation number Y) Gain of electrons and decrease in oxidation number Z) Loss of electrons and decrease in oxidation number

Y) GAIN OF ELECTRONS AND DECREASE IN OXIDATION NUMBER

By number, identify all of the following four statements that are TRUE : 1) liquids with large intermolecular forces tend to have very low boiling points, 2) liquids with large intermolecular forces tend to have considerable surface tension, 3) ethanol has a higher boiling point than methanol, 4) the hardness of diamond is due to strongvan der Waals forces.

2, 3

Which of the following is TRUE about the solubility of a gas in water? W) It increases as both temperature and partial pressure of the gas rise X) It increases as temperature rises but decreases as partial pressure of the gas rises Y) It decreases as temperature rises but increases as partial pressure of the gas rises Z) It decreases as both temperature and partial pressure of the gas rise

Y) IT DECREASES AS TEMP ERATURE RISES BUT INCREASES AS PARTIAL PRESSURE OF THE GAS RISES

Plastics with the recycling symbols of 2 and 4, such as those used to make plastic bags, are produced from what monomer?

ETHYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE)

Which of the following statements is usually TRUE about an unsaturated fatty acid? W) It is from vegetable sources and is solid at room temperature X) It is from vegetable sources and is liquid at room temperature Y) It is from animal sources and is solid at room temperature Z) It is from animal sources and is liquid at room temperature

X) IT IS FROM VEGETABLE SOURCES AND IS LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Making biodiesels is a transesterification reaction. Which of the following represents the product(s) of this reaction? W) Phosphodiesters and glycerol X) Fatty acid esters and glycerol Y) Fatty acids and alcohol Z) Acetyl-ethyl ester

X) FATTY ACID ESTERS AND GLYCEROL

``` Recycling code 2 indicates which of the following types of plastic? W) Polyvinyl chloride X) Polystyrene Y) High-density polyethylene Z) Polyethylene terephthalate ```

Y) High-density polyethylene

Short Answer If 4.67 grams of butane reacts with 23.12 grams of molecular oxygen to produce 2.67 grams of carbon dioxide, what is the limiting reactant?

BUTANE

``` Sodium azide and potassium nitrate react to inflate an airbag during a car crash primarily by producing which of the following gases? W) Nitrogen X) Oxygen Y) Potassium oxide Z) Sodium nitrate ```

W) NITROGEN

What element corresponds to the electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p5 ?

FLUORINE

In which of the following sets of elements would all members be expected to have very similar chemical properties? W) Neon, oxygen, and fluorine X) Argon, bromine, and krypton Y) Magnesium, calcium, and barium Z) Aluminum, silicon, and phosphorus

Y) Magnesium, calcium, and barium

Which of the following is an example of effusion? W) The formation of snowflakes in the upper atmosphere X) A hot air balloon flight Y) The evaporation of water from a lake Z) Abike tire losing air after running over a nail

Z) Abike tire losing air after running over a nail

When hydrochloric acid in an aqueous solution reacts with solid sodium bicarbonate, what are the products?

CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, AND SODIUM CHLORIDE

``` Which of the following factors does NOT affect the solubility of a solid in a liquid? W) Temperature X) Polarity of solute Y) Polarity of solvent Z) Pressure ```

Z) Pressure

``` Which of the following period 3 elements has the smallest atomic radius? W) Sodium X) Phosphorus Y) Chlorine Z) Aluminum ```

Y) CHLORINE

What is the SI prefix that multiples a unit by a factor of 10^18?

EXA

How many atoms are in one molecule of butane?

Nuclides that have neutron-to-proton ratios that are too high compared with stable nuclides tend to undergo what kind of decay?

BETA (BETA MINUS)

``` Which of the following metals could NOT successfully be used to galvanize iron? W) Zinc X) Aluminum Y) Manganese Z) Nickel ```

Z) Nickel

``` Isoelectronic atoms and ions are identical in which of the following ways? W) Electron affinity X) Ionization energy Y) Electron configuration Z) Effective nuclear charge ```

Y) Electron configuration

How many electrons with quantum number l=1(read as: L equals 1) are in an atom of silicon in its ground state?

``` Which of the following statements is TRUE of ceramics? W) They are homogeneous X) They are heterogeneous Y) They are chelates Z) They are a form of glass ```

X) They are heterogeneous

``` Which of the following elements has the valence electron configuration of 3s2 3p3 ? W) Phosphorus X) Oxygen Y) Bromine Z) Nitrogen ```

W) Phosphorus

``` Which of the following represents the electron-pair geometry of the central oxygen atom of ozone? W) Linear X) Trigonal planar Y) Tetrahedral Z) Trigonal bipyramidal ```

X) Trigonal planar

Within a single atom, what is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in an atomic shell defined by the quantum numbers n = 3 and l=2 ?

What is the IUPAC name for SnCl2 . 6H2O?

TIN (II) CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE

By name or number, list all of the following five substances that are NOT Newtonian fluids: 1) gasoline, 2) yogurt, 3) water, 4) blood, 5) ketchup.

YOGURT, BLOOD, AND KETCHUP (ACCEPT: 2, 4, AND 5)

``` Which of the following can bond to a metal ion? W) Ligand X) Lewis acid Y) Bronsted-Lowry acid Z) Enantiomer ```

W) Ligand

How many milliliters of 0.75 molar HCl are required to completely neutralize 25.0 milliliters of 0.15 molar Ba(OH)2 ?

``` Which of the following types of decay does uranium-238 experience in order to yield thorium-234? W) Alpha X) Beta Y) Double beta Z) Gamma ```

W) ALPHA

According to the second law of thermodynamics, what effect does a spontaneous reaction have on the entropy of the universe?

INCREASES THE ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE (ACCEPT: INCREASES)

``` Which of the following is the term for the mixing of atomic orbitals to explain covalent bonds? W) Transmutation X) Ionization Y) Hybridization Z) Localization ```

Y) Hybridization

How many moles of oxygen are contained in one mole of ammonium sulfate?

``` Denatured alcohol contains which of the following toxic substances added to ethanol? W) Propanol X) Methanol Y) Hexanol Z) Octanol ```

X) Methanol

``` Pyrex glassware contains silicon dioxide, which has acidic properties and should not be used to store which of the following? W) Dihydrogen monoxide X) Acetic acid Y) Sodium chloride Z) Sodium hydroxide ```

Z) Sodium hydroxide

What is the name given to the only temperature and pressure at which all three phases of water can be in equilibrium with each other?

TRIPLE POINT

What subshell is incompletely filled in all of the elements in the lanthanide series?

``` A pure element when mixed with an ionic compound is most likely to undergo which of the following kinds of reactions? W) Single replacement X) Double replacement Y) Synthesis Z) Combustion ```

W) Single replacement

``` Which of the following is an alternative name for 1,3-xylene? W) Ortho-xylene X) Meta-xylene Y) Para-xylene Z) Cis-xylene ```

X) Meta-xylene

Specifying the sign, what is the oxidation state of nitrogen in the neutral compound iron (II) nitrate?

+5 (Do Not Accept: 5)

When calcium chloride is dissolved in water, its van’t Hoff factor would be closest to what whole number?

When the change of enthalpy of a reaction is negative and the change of entropy of the same reaction is positive, the reaction is which of the following? W) Always spontaneous X) Spontaneous only under high temperature conditions Y) Spontaneous only under low temperature conditions Z) Never spontaneous

W) Always spontaneous

By name or number,identify all of the following four diatomic molecules whose bond strength would decrease after the removal of an electron to form a positively charged ion: 1) H2, 2) B2, 3)ClBr,4) OF.

H2, B2, ClBr (ACCEPT:1, 2, AND 3)

What do we call a liquid that has been heated to a temperature beyond its boiling point?

SUPERHEATED

By name or number, identify all of the following five elements that can form compounds with an expanded octet: 1) beryllium, 2) oxygen, 3) phosphorus, 4) fluorine, 5) xenon.

PHOSPHORUS AND XENON (ACCEPT: 3 AND 5)

When chemists do flame tests, they often view the flame through a colored transparent piece of glass to filter out any sodium contamination. What color glass do they use?

COBALT BLUE (ACCEPT: BLUE, COBALT)

Specifying the sign, what is the oxidation state of phosphorus in Na2P2O6?

+5 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 5)

What element has the lowest boiling point?

HELIUM

``` Which of the following bonds is the MOST polar? W)B-C X)B-N Y)B-O Z)B-F ```

Z)B-F

``` Which of the following substances has the highest boiling point? W) Water X) Methanol Y) Ethyl alcohol Z) Diethyl ether ```

W) Water

The pressure of 2 moles of an ideal gas at 27 Degree Celsius is 1.2 atmospheres. Providing your answer to the nearest tenth, if the temperature is increased by 100° Celsius and the volume of the gas doubles , what is the new pressure of the gas in atmospheres?

0.8

What is the common name given to the industrial reaction in which nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted with a catalyst, forming ammonia?

HABER PROCESS

What is the molecular formula for strontium nitrite?

Sr(NO2)2

``` L-alanine and D-alanine are BEST classified as what type of isomers: W) cis X) trans Y) structural Z) optical ```

Z) OPTICAL

How many sigma and pi bonds, respectively, are there in a molecule with the following formula: CH3CHCHCH2CH3

SIGMA 14; PI = 1

``` Which of the following are the units of the rate constant for a 2nd order reaction given that concentration is measured in molarity and time in seconds: W) M^-2 s^-1 X) M^-1 s^-1 Y) M s^-1 Z) M^-2 minutes^-1 ```

X) M^-1 s^-1 | Solution: units relationship is M1^-1order x time^-1

1.0 gram of an unknown organic molecule is dissolved in 50.0 grams of benzene. Determine the molecular mass of the unknown if this solution freezes at 4.5ºC. Assume the freezing point constant of benzene is 5.0ºC per molal, and the freezing point of benzene is 5.5ºC. Give your answer to the nearest whole number in grams per mole.

100 (Solution: ΔTf = 5.5º- 4.5º = 1.0ºC; m=ΔTf/ Kf = 1.0º/5.0º = 0.2m or 0.2mol/kg; (1.0g unkn/0.05 kg benz)(1kg benz/0.2 mol unkn) = 100 g/mol)

``` Consider the following equilibrium reaction, FeO(solid) + CO(gas) Fe(solid) + CO2(gas), where ∆H equals -10 kilojoules. Which of the following would have a similar effect on the equilibrium position as lowering the temperature: W) adding iron X) increasing pressure Y) removing carbon dioxide Z) removing carbon monoxide ```

Y) REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE | Solution: shifts to the right

In the electrolysis of water, if a very small amount of sodium sulfate is added to the water, give the equation for the half reaction that occurs at the ANODE. Make sure to indicate proper charges and the state of each substance, such as solid, liquid, aqueous,or gas:

2 H2O(liquid) -> O2(gas)+4H+(aqueous)+ 4e-

What is the overall reaction order for the following rate law: rate = k[NH4+][NO2-] (read as: k times the concentration of NH4+ times the concentration of NO2-)

2 (ACCEPT: 2ndORDER)(Solution: exponents 1 + 1 = 2)

Calculate the one-atmosphere boiling point elevation, in degrees Celsius to the 2nd decimal place, for a solution made by dissolving 1 gram of solute in 0.1 kilograms of water. Assume the formula weight of the solute is 300 and the boiling point depression constant is 2.0ºC per molal..

0.07(ACCEPT: 0.06)(Solution: moles solute = 1g/300g/mol = 0.003m; m= 0.0033 moles solute /0.1kg = 0.033mΔTb= Kb(m)= (2.0ºC/m)(0.033m) = 0.066ºC)

As an acetic acid solution is diluted, will the hydrogen ion concentration and the percentage of ionization, respectively,increase, decrease or remain the same?

THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION WILL DECREASE; THE PERCENTAGE OF IONIZATION WILL INCREASE

In a sulfuric acid solution, which of the following will be present in the highest concentration: H+, H2SO4, HSO4 1-, SO4 2-, or OH 1-.

H+

To the nearest whole degree Celsius, at what temperature is water the densest?

Most of the peptide chains in a myoglobin molecule adopt what secondary structure?

HELIX

``` The degree of unsaturation of a hydrocarbon containing two rings is equivalent to the degree of unsaturation of a hydrocar bon containing an: W) Alkane X) Alkene Y) Alkyne Z) Alcohol ```

Y) ALKYNE

The dehydrogenation of a single C-C bond within a hydrocarbon leads to what change in the number of hydrogens in the molecule?

LOSS OF 2 HYDROGENS

``` Which of the following does not describe how atoms in a CH2 group can vibrate? W) Rocking X) Symmetrical stretching Y) See-sawing Z) Twisting ```

Y) SEE-SAWING

A chemist is trying to interpret the results of his Infra-Red Spectroscopy analysis of a compound. He sees a band of high absorbance, arou nd 95%, at about 1775 inverse centimeters. What functional group does his compound most likely contain?

CARBONYL

``` Which of the following is the name of the compound HClO4? W) Hydrogen perchlorite X) Chloric acid Y) Perchloric acid Z) Hypochloric acid ```

Y) PERCHLORIC ACID

``` Which of the following is NOT a state function? W) Volume X) Energy Y) Pressure Z) Heat ```

Z) HEAT

What is the pH of 1.0 mole of sodium hydroxide dissolved in 10 liters of water?

Two Lewis structures depict the ozone molecule equally well and there is no way to distinguish between the two structures. What is the term that describes this phenomenon?

RESONANCE

``` The ability of geckos to climb smooth surfaces is due to which of the following? W)Hydrogen bonding X)Van der Waals forces Y)Ion-dipole forces Z)Intramolecular forces ```

X)VAN DER WAALS FORCES

``` Nanotechnologists are creating butterfly scale patterns on paper money to foil counterfeiters using which of the following substances? W) Calcium oxide X) Zinc oxide Y) Magnesium oxide Z) Aluminum oxide ```

Z)ALUMINUM OXIDE

W) C-C (read as: C single bond C) X) C=C (read as: C double bond C) Y) C-H (read as: C single bond H) Z) C≡C (read as: C triple bond C)

W) C-C

``` Which of the following contains polar covalent bonds? W) F2 X) HF Y) NaH Z) O2 ```

X) HF

``` Which of the following is a polar, aprotic solvent? W) Water X) Methanol Y) Dimethyl sulfoxide Z) Chloroform ```

Y) DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE

``` What kind of isomers are mannose and glucose? W)Enantiomers X)Conformational isomers Y)Mesoisomers Z)Diastereoisomers ```

Z) DIASTEREOISOMERS

``` Transition metal elements have atoms or ions with which of the following orbitals partially filled? W) d X) f Y) p Z) s ```

W) d

``` Which choice represents the electron configuration for the magnesium 2+ ion? W)1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 X)1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 Y)1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Z)1s2 2s2 2p6 ```

Z)1s2 2s2 2p6

``` Which of the following ions are NOT isoelectronic with an argon atom? W) K + X) Ti 2+ Y) S 2- Z) Ca 2+ ```

X) Ti 2+

``` In a breath analyzer, what color change occurs in a potassium dichromate solution in the presence of alcohol? W) Orange-yellow to green X) Red to blue Y) Clear to pink Z) Orange-yellow to red ```

W)ORANGE-YELLOW TO GREEN

What is the pH for a solution with 0.01 mole of nitric acid in 1.0 liter of water?

What are the nonsuperimposable mirror images of a chiral compound called?

ENANTIOMERS

What is the van 't Hoff factor for glucose?

What color of flame does lithium produce in a flame test?

RED

What is the formula for sulfurous acid?

H2SO3

``` Which of the following is the strongest acid? W) HCl X) HBr Y) HI Z) HNO3 ```

Y) HI

``` Which of the following chemical bonds is not important in polymer formation? W) Glycosidic X) Hydrogen Y) Peptide Z) Phosphodiester ```

X) HYDROGEN

What relationship exists between bond length and bond order?

INVERSE RELATIONSHIP (ACCEPT: BONDS OF HIGHER ORDER ARE SHORTER IN LENGTH)

``` Which of the following 1.0 molar solutions will have the highest pH? W) Hydrochloric acid X) Nitrous acid Y) Sulfuric acid Z) Hydrobromic acid ```

X) Nitrous acid

``` 10 milliliters of a 0.1 molar solution of which of the following substances added to 10 milliliters of a 0.1 molar acet ic acid solution will form a buffer solution? W) Hydrochloric acid X) Sodium chloride Y) Sodium hydroxide Z) Potassium acetate ```

Z) POTASSIUM ACETATE

``` Which of the following is not a colligative property of solutions? W)Vapor pressure elevation X)Freezing point depression Y)Boiling point elevation Z)Osmotic pressure ```

W) VAPOR PRESSURE ELEVATION

By name or number, which of the following four types of mixtures are generally considered homogeneous? 1) alloy, 2) suspension, 3) emulsion, 4) colloid

1) ALLOY

The standard heat of formation of calcium oxide is -635.5 kilojoules per mole. What is the complete, balanced equation for the formation of calcium oxide, including the energy value?

Ca(s)+ 1/2 O2(g)-> CaO(S) + 635.5 kJ (read as: Ca solid plus one half O2 gas yields CaO solid plus 635.5 kilojoules) ALSO ACCEPT: 2Ca(s)+ O(2)(g)-> 2CaO(s)+ 1271 kJ (NOTE: STUDENTS MUST INDICATE SOLID AND GAS)

The following reaction between hydrogen and oxygen takes place in a closed container and at a temperature that maintains the water vapor in the gas phase: 2 H2O(g) (in equilibrium with) 2 H2(g) + O2(g). In one experiment, the equilibrium concentrations of the gases are as follows: [H2] = 2.0M, [O2] = 3.0M and [H2O] = 4.0M. Calculate the value of K(eq) for this reaction.

K(eq)= 0.75

What do we call the ability of a single molecule to act both as a base and an acid?

AMPHOTERISM

``` Of which of the following acid-base titrations would the pH be less than 7 at the equivalence point? W)Strong base, weak acid X)Strong base, strong acid Y)Weak base, weak acid Z)Strong acid, weak base ```

Z) STRONG ACID, WEAK BASE

A solution of barium hydroxide is neutralized with a phosphoric acid solution. Identify the molecular forms of the two products that are produced in this reaction.

Ba3(PO4)2 AND H2O

The strength of the dispersion forces between two non-polar molecules increases with: W) The number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule X) The number of electrons in the molecule Y) The magnitude of the largest electronegativity of the atoms involved Z) The magnitude of the difference in electronegativity between the atoms

X) THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN THE MOLECULE

Which of the following is NOT true: W) any foreign substance added to water will cause a freezing point drop X) a nonvolatile solute raises the boiling point of a solvent Y) methane has a higher boiling point than ethane Z) freezing point depression is a colligative property

Y) METHANE HAS A HIGHER BOILING POINT THAN ETHANE

According to standard chemical nomenclature, what is the formula for aluminum bicarbonate?

Al(HCO3)3

``` Carbon monoxide, or CO, will be adsorbed onto the surface of which of the following metals the MOST strongly: W) iron X) nickel Y) cobalt Z) gold ```

W) Iron

Arrange the following 3 choices in order of increasing bond energies: O2; N2; F2

F2; O2; N2

``` The molal is a concentration unit that is most appropriately used in experimental designs that determine: W) freezing point depression X) osmotic pressure Y) density Z) vapor pressure lowering ```

W) FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

4.0 gram sample of calcium chloride contains 6.0 x 10^22 cations. Giving your answer in scientific notation to the nearest whole number, determine the number of anions in 2 grams of CaCl2. Assume the atomic mass of calcium is 40 and chloride is 35.

6 x 10^22 (Solution: (2g CaCl2)(6.0 x 10^22 Ca2+ /4g CaCl2)(2 Cl- /1 Ca 2+) = 6.0 x 10^22 Cl- )

What is the electron capacity in each of the 4 sublevels s, p, d, and f, respectively?

s = 2; p =6; d = 10; f = 14

A sample of oxygen gas is collected over water at 14 degree Celcius. Knowing that the vapor pressure of water at 14 degree Celcius is 1.6 kilopascals, and that the pressure of the resultant mixture is 120 kilopascals, find the pressure, to the first decimal place, exerted by the dry oxygen alone:

118.4 (Solution: P(dry)= Pt - Pwv= 120 kPa-1.6 kPa = 118.4 kPa)

``` What is the empirical formula for C6H12O6? W) C3H4O3 X) CHO Y) CH2O Z) C6H12O6 ```

Y) CH2O

``` What is the formula for iron II phosphate? W) Fe3P2 X) FePO4 Y) Fe3(PO4)2 Z) Fe3(PO3)2 ```

Y) Fe3(PO4)2

Onions, shallots and leeks contain substances that cause our eyes to water. What element is common to the substances?

Sulfur

``` Which of the following 1.0 molar solutions will have the largest change in boiling point from that of pure water? W) Sodium bromide X) Magnesium iodide Y) Sucrose Z) Potassium phosphate ```

Z) Potassium phosphate

What is the shape of the bonding structure of carbon in diamond?

TETRAHEDRAL

What is the characteristic shape of tourmaline crystals?

HEXAGONAL

The enthalpy in the reaction 3Q + 2R + 300Which of the following changes will increase the reaction rate of the reaction between solid magnesium and gaseous oxygen: 2 Mg(s)+ O2(g) -> 2 MgO(s)+ heat? W) Increasing the concentration of oxygen X) Removing the magnesium oxide as soon as it is formed Y) Reducing the temperature Z) Decreasing the concentration of oxygen kilojoules -> 6Y + Z is +150 kilojoules per mole of:

X) R

Which of the following changes will increase the reaction rate of the reaction between solid magnesium and gaseous oxygen: 2 Mg(s)+ O2(g) -> 2 MgO(s)+ heat? W) Increasing the concentration of oxygen X) Removing the magnesium oxide as soon as it is formed Y) Reducing the temperature Z) Decreasing the concentration of oxygen

W) INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN

What color are the chromophores NOT absorbing in a blue shirt?

BLUE

``` Which of the following compounds is insoluble in water? W) Barium acetate X) Beryllium acetate Y) Lead acetate Z) Silver acetate ```

X) BERYLLIUM ACETATE

Providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, if you start with 3 grams of Carbon-14, how many grams of isotope will remain after 3 half lives?

0.4

Which of the following is NOT true about enzymes? W) They catalyze most of the chemical changes that occur in a cell X) They are unchanged by the reaction they catalyze Y) They do not change the normal equilibrium position of a chemical system Z) They change the amount of product that is produced

Z) They change the amount of product that is produced

``` Which of the following compounds has the lowest solubility product constant at pH 7? W)Sodium carbonate X)Iron II chloride Y)Magnesium chloride Z)Ammonium nitrate ```

X) IRON II CHLORIDE

What is the oxidation number of manganese in potassium permanganate?

``` In what range of colors do fireflies generally emit light? W) Yellow to green X) Orange to red Y) Red to blue Z) Blue to violet ```

W) YELLOW TO GREEN

What are the two conditions that distinguish bioluminescence from chemiluminescence (read as: keh-mee-luh-mi-NEH-sehns)? W) Bioluminescence occurs in living organisms and has hydrogen as a common reactant X) Bioluminescence occurs in living organisms and requires an enzyme catalyst Y) Bioluminescence occurs in living organisms and involves the emission of light at a lower energy than chemiluminescence (read as: keh-mee-luh-mi-NEH-sehns) Z) Bioluminescence occurs uniquely in living organisms and has oxygen as a common reactant

X) BIOLUMINESENCE OCCURS IN LIVING ORGANISMS AND REQUIRES AN | ENZYME CATALYST

``` A molecule having a chemical formula of CH3CCCH3 would be classified by which of the following? W)Alkyne X)Alkene Y)Alkane Z)Aldehyde ```

W) ALKYNE

``` The rare earth elements are primarily composed of elements from which groups of the periodic table? W)Transition metals and main group X)Alkali and alkaline Y)Lanthanides and actindies Z)Alkaline and transition metals ```

Y) LANTHANIDES AND ACTINIDES

``` How would you classify a reaction in which solid potassium and chlorine gas react to form the ionic compound potassium chloride? W) Decomposition X) Combustion Y) Synthesis Z) Disproportionation ```

Y) SYNTHESIS

Generally, what type of reaction is an acid base reaction?

DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT (ACCEPT: DOUBLE REPLACEMENT)

Most atoms combine to form molecules in such a way that they have how many electrons in a valence shell?

``` In which of the following groups does the elemental form have a completed valence shell? W) Group 8 X) Group 10 Y) Group 18 Z) Group 28 ```

Y) GROUP 18

Determine the oxidation state of each of the elements in the polyatomic ion C2 O4 2-.

CARBON= 3+; OXYGEN= 2-

``` What are the products for the complete combustion of methane? W) Carbon and hydrogen X) Carbon dioxide and hydrogen Y) Carbon monoxide and water Z) Carbon dioxide and water ```

Z) CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER

For the complete combustion of butane, butane plus oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water vapor. What is the balanced equation for the combustion of butane?

2 C4H10+ 13 O2 -> 8 CO2+ 10 H2O

Determine the solubility product constant (or Ksp) of silver bromide, given that its molar solubility is 5.71 x 10^-7 moles per liter. W) 3.26 x 10^-13 X) 5.71 x 10^-7 Y) 1.14 x 10^-6 Z) 2.14 x 10^-4

W) 3.26 x 10^-13

Which of the following are strong bases in aqueous solution: | 1)potassium hydroxide, 2)ammonia, 3)sodium chloride, 4)calcium hydroxide, or 5)beryllium hydroxide?

ANSWER: POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE AND CALCIUM HYDROXIDE (ACCEPT: 1 AND 4)

``` What is the mass of an electron relative to a proton? W) 9.1 x 10^-31 X) 8.2 x 10^-14 Y) 1/1836 Z) 0.51 ```

Y) 1/1836

Sulfuric acid is used to neutralize a solution of sodium hydroxide. Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide required to completely neutralize two moles of sulfuric acid.

``` Which of the following is NOT a strong acid? W) Hydrofluoric acid X) Hydrochloric acid Y) Hydrobromic acid Z) Hydroiodic acid ```

W) HYDROFLUORIC ACID

``` Which of the following would be the resulting pH from the reaction of equal amounts of a strong acid with a strong base? W) Less than 7 X) Equal to 7 Y) More than 7 Z) The reaction is independent of the pH ```

X) EQUAL TO 7

If pure water is at its boiling point at standard pressure, how many additional calories of heat are needed to convert 1 gram of water from the liquid to the vapor state?

540

What is the name for the straight-chain alkane containing 5 carbons?

PENTANE

If the electronegativity difference in the bonding atoms is intermediate in strength, what general type of bond is typically formed?

POLAR COVALENT (DO NOT ACCEPT: COVALENT)

``` Which of the following is a molecule having a nonpolar covalent bond: W) bromine gas X) hydrogen fluoride Y) water Z) hydrogen bromide ```

W) BROMINE GAS

``` Which of the following are elements in the Periodic Table whose outer shell electrons are on two principal energy levels: W) alkali metals X) noble gases Y) alkaline Earth metals Z) transition elements ```

Z) TRANSITION ELEMENTS

According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for potassium perchlorate?

KClO4

Which of the following is NOT true: W) hydrogen gas found in nature exists as a monatomic molecule X) when 2 oxygen atoms combine to form O2, energy is released Y) when chlorine gains 1 electron, it becomes larger Z) noble gases tend not to bond because of their stable valence configurations

W) HYDROGEN GAS FOUND IN NATURE EXISTS AS A MONATOMIC MOLECULE

Knowing that the chemical name for gypsum is calcium sulfate dihydrate, gypsum is what percent water by weight? Assume the atomic masses of calcium = 40; sulfur = 32 and oxygen = 16.

21(Solution: CaSO4 . 2H2O)

What is the general name for a hypothetical gas that obeys Boyles’s law at all temperatures and pressures?

IDEAL GAS (ACCEPT: IDEAL)

Which of the following is NOT true of ideal gases: W) 2 or more gases form homogeneous mixtures in all proportions X) collisions between gas particles are both elastic and inelastic Y) they diffuse rapidly Z) they assume the shapes of their containers

X) COLLISIONS BETWEEN GAS PARTICLES ARE BOTH ELASTIC AND INELASTIC

Name the following compound: N2O4.

DINITROGEN TETROXIDE (ALSO ACCEPT: NITROGEN TETROXIDE, NITROGEN PEROXIDE)

What is the equation for the combustion of octane?

2 C8H18+ 25 O2 -> 18 H2O + 16 CO2

What is standard temperature, in Kelvin, as defined in ideal gas equations?

273 KELVIN

``` To calculate the pressure within a known volume of gas, which of the following pieces of information is NOT needed? W)Temperature X)Specific gravity Y)Moles of gas Z)Gas constant ```

X) SPECIFIC GRAVITY

What best describes a solid whose atoms are arranged in a regular pattern?

CRYSTAL

``` The unit cell in a crystal system may have one of several forms. Which of the following describes a cubic unit cell with one identical particle in the center of the cell? W) Simple cubic X) Orthohombic Y) Triclinic Z) Body-centered cubic ```

Z) BODY-CENTERED CUBIC

A pH of of 2 has what pOH?

If the electromotive force of the anode in a galvanic cell is -0.76 volts and the electromotive force of the cathode is 0.34 volts, calculate the electromotive force of the cell in volts. Provide your answer as a decimal to the nearest hundredth.

+1.10 (DO NOT ACCEPT: -1.10)

``` Which of the following is an element that is very important to human life, is contained in vitamin B-12, belongs to a group of transition metals, and has magnetic properties like iron: W) selenium X) cobalt Y) zinc Z) manganese ```

X) COBALT

What is the pH of a 1 molar NaOH solution at 25ºC?

``` Which of the following is a weak electrolyte: W) ammonia X) dilute sulfuric acid Y) 1 molar sodium chloride Z) dilute perchloric acid ```

W) AMMONIA

``` A molecular solid will most typically have which of the following melting points: W) very high X) high to very high Y) low Z) variable ```

Y) LOW

What is the bond order between the 2 carbon atoms in acetylene?

According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for the sulfite ion?

SO3 2- (ACCEPT: SO3 -2)

``` Which of the following is the atomic sublevel with the next highest energy after the 4p sublevel: W) 4d X) 4f Y) 5s Z) 5p ```

Y) 5s

Give the electronic configuration for sulfur, located in Period 3 and Group 16 of the Periodic Table:

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 (ACCEPT: [Ne] 3s2 3p4)

``` Which of the following is never considered evidence of a chemical change? W) Phase change X) Color change Y) Formation of a precipitate Z) Formation of a gas ```

W) PHASE CHANGE

Which of the following represents a chemical property of sodium? W) It is less dense than water X) It has a melting point of 98.7 degrees Celsius Y) It reacts with water to release hydrogen gas Z) When cut with a knife, it has a shiny surface with a metallic luster

Y) IT REACTS WITH WATER TO RELEASE HYDROGEN GAS

What is the most electronegative element?

FLUORINE

``` Based on trends in the periodic table, which of the following elements is the least electronegative? W) Nitrogen X) Carbon Y) Beryllium Z) Oxygen ```

Y) BERYLLIUM

``` Which of the following is NOT a strong acid? W) Hydrochloric Acid X) Phosphoric Acid Y) Sulfuric Acid Z) Perchloric Acid ```

X) PHOSPHORIC ACID

``` According to the Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory, which of the following species cannot function as an acid? W) Water X) Hydrogen carbonate ion Y) Phosphate Z) Hydroxide ```

Y) PHOSPHATE

Which of the following is characteristic of a compound? W) Elements must be combined in a very specific ratio X) Properties can vary throughout the sample Y) It can be classified as a colloid Z) It can be classified as heterogeneous

W) ELEMENTS MUST BE COMBINED IN A VERY SPECIFIC RATIO

Which of the following results will identify an unknown substance as a mixture instead of a compound? W) It cannot be separated by distillation X) It is homogeneous Y) It has a constant melting point Z) Centrifuging can separate the components

Z) CENTRIFUGING CAN SEPARATE THE COMPONENTS

What letter designates the lowest energy subshell in any shell?

Identify the scientist who proposed the existence of energy levels for the electrons in an atom.

BOHR

``` Which of the following is a common ion? W) Na 2+ X) Al 3+ Y) B 2+ Z) Kr 2+ ```

X) Al 3+

``` Which of the following has an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6? W) Sodium ion X) Chlorine Y) Neon Z) Calcium ion ```

Z)CALCIUM ION

Which of the following is true about the alpha particle? W) It is a hydrogen atom X) It was discovered by J.J. Thomson Y) It was used by Ernest Rutherford in experiments relating to the nucleus of the atom Z) It is purely electromagnetic radiation

Y) IT WAS USED BY ERNEST RUTHERFORD IN EXPERIMENTS RELATING TO THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM

``` What term best describes the type of reaction that converts uranium in the soil to radon? W) Acid-base X) Fusion Y) Electromagnetic radiation Z) Radioactive decay ```

Z) RADIOACTIVE DECAY

``` What is the process that best describes the transfer of electrons from one atom to another through electrostatic attraction? W) Ionic bonding X) Repulsion Y) Nuclear force Z) Covalent bonding ```

W) IONIC BONDING

The force between two electrically charged objects can be changed by altering what two quantities?

THE AMOUNT OF CHARGE AND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS

``` Which of the following units can be used to express the volume of a liquid? W) Micrometers X) Milligrams Y) Grams per cubic centimeter Z) Nanoliters ```

Z) NANOLITERS

What is the process by which electricity is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen?

ELECTROLYSIS

``` For a series of chemical reactions, Hess's law provides a method for the summation of which property? W) Heat of formation X) Entropy Y) Equilibrium constant Z) Reaction rate ```

W) HEAT OF FORMATION

What is the difference between heat and temperature? W) Temperature is a form of heat, while heat is a measurement X) Temperature is a measurement of molecular kinetic energy, while heat is a form of energy Y) Heat and temperature have different wavelengths Z) Heat and temperature have similar wavelengths but different amplitudes

X) TEMPERATURE IS A MEASUREMENT OF MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY, WHILE HEAT IS A FORM OF ENERGY

What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in H2?

What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in LiAlH4

-1

Which of the following relationships is true? W) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 kilojoules X) 1 joule is equal to 1 food calorie Y) 1 joule is equal to 4.18 food calories Z) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 joules

W) 1 FOOD CALORIE IS EQUAL TO 4.18 KILOJOULES

In order to calculate the heat of fusion for a piece of ice placed in warm water, you must know: W) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the water X) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the ice Y) The energy released by the ice and the mass of the warm water Z) The energy released by the ice and the mass of ice

X) THE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE WARM WATER AND THE MASS OF THE ICE

Which two of the following 5 amino acids are classified as basic because of the structure of their side chains: arginine; glycine; glutamic acid; phenylalanine; lysine

ARGININE; LYSINE

At 250K, the pressure of oxygen in a 1-liter container is 0.40 atmospheres. If 0.10 moles of carbon dioxide are added to the container, what will be the new pressure, in atmospheres rounded to the first decimal place?

2.5 (ACCEPT: 2.4)(Soln: PCO2= (nRT/V)[(0.10mol)(0.0821L-atm/K-mol)(250K)]/1L = 2.05atm; PT= 0.40 + 2.05 = 2.45atm = 2.5 atm)

``` Which of the following ionic compounds would have the highest melting point: W) NaF X) NaCl Y) CaF2 Z) MgO ```

Z) MgO (Solution: NaF = 993ºC; NaCl = 801; CaF2= 1423; MgO = 2800ºC)

In a zinc-lead voltaic cell, what is the maximum voltage, to the third decimal place, that can be obtained if the standard reduction potential for the zinc ion is–0.763 volts and for the lead ion is–0.126 volts?

0.637 (must be positive) | Solution: +0.763 volts + (–0.126 volts) = +0.637 volts

Consider the following reaction, N2(gas) + 3H(gas) 2NH3(gas), whose heat of reaction, or delta H, is–91.8 kilojoules. If the temperature for the reaction is increased, which o f the following will occur: W) the concentration of N2 increases X) the concentration of H2 decreases Y) the concentration of NH3increases Z) the concentration of N2 decreases

W) THE CONCENTRATION OF N2 INCREASES

How many kilopascals of pressure are needed to compress 400milliliters of a gas under the conditions of 150 kilopascals of pressure and 400K, to 600 milliliters at a new temperature of 200K?

50(Solution: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2; (150kPa)(400ml)/400K = (P2)(600ml)/200K; = 50 kPa)

Predict the shape of a molecule of phosphorous pentafluoride, whereby each phosphorous atom has 5 valence electrons to share with 5 fluorine atoms:

TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL

Give all 3 angles, in degrees, that are present in phosphorous pentafluoride:

90; 120; 180

Which of the following is NOT true about amino acids: W) amino acids exist primarily as zwitterions X) amino acid are amphoteric Y) an amino acid becomes neutral at its isoelectric point Z) tryptophan and cysteine contain sulfur atoms in their side chains

Z) TRYPTOPHAN AND CYSTEINE CONTAIN SULFUR ATOMS IN THEIR SIDECHAINS (Solution: tryptophan contains a nitrogen atom)

Arrange the following 4 bonds in order of INCREASING bond lengths: C−C (read as: C single bond C); C=C (read as: C double bond C); C≡C(read as: C triple bond C); C–H (read as: C single bond H)

C–H; C≡C; C=C; C−C

Which of the following fatty acids has the HIGHEST melting point: W) an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid X) an 18-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid Y) an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid Z) a 16-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid

W) AN 18-CARBON SATURATED FATTY ACID | Solution: W = 70ºC, X =-5ºC, Y = 16ºC, Z = 32ºC; Saturated Fats are usually solids

Consider an acid solution whose density is 1.5 grams per cubic centimeter and which is 30% acid by mass. Find the volume, in milliliters, of the acid solution that is needed to contain 90 grams of acid:

200(Solution: 90g acid×100g soln/30g acid ×1cm^3/1.5 g soln = 200 cm^3= 200 ml)

In which of the following reversible gas reactions does the value of Kp= Kc (read as: K sub P equal K sub C): W) A + B C (read as: A plus B, double arrow, yields C) X) 2A + B C + D Y) A + B C + D Z) A B + C

Y) A + B C + D

Identify, by chemical formula, the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent, respectively, for the following reaction: SiCl4+ 2Mg -> 2 MgCl2 + Si

OXIDIZING AGENT = SiCl4 ; REDUCING AGENT = Mg

Which two of the following 5 amino acids are classified as basic because of the structure of their side chains: arginine; glycine; glutamic acid; phenylalanine; lysine

ARGININE; LYSINE

2.5 (ACCEPT: 2.4)(Soln: PCO2= (nRT/V)[(0.10mol)(0.0821L-atm/K-mol)(250K)]/1L = 2.05atm; PT= 0.40 + 2.05 = 2.45atm = 2.5 atm)

``` Which of the following ionic compounds would have the highest melting point: W) NaF X) NaCl Y) CaF2 Z) MgO ```

Z) MgO (Solution: NaF = 993ºC; NaCl = 801; CaF2= 1423; MgO = 2800ºC)

0.637 (must be positive) | Solution: +0.763 volts + (–0.126 volts) = +0.637 volts

W) THE CONCENTRATION OF N2 INCREASES

How many kilopascals of pressure are needed to compress 400milliliters of a gas under the conditions of 150 kilopascals of pressure and 400K, to 600 milliliters at a new temperature of 200K?

50(Solution: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2; (150kPa)(400ml)/400K = (P2)(600ml)/200K; = 50 kPa)

Predict the shape of a molecule of phosphorous pentafluoride, whereby each phosphorous atom has 5 valence electrons to share with 5 fluorine atoms:

TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL

Give all 3 angles, in degrees, that are present in phosphorous pentafluoride:

90; 120; 180

Z) TRYPTOPHAN AND CYSTEINE CONTAIN SULFUR ATOMS IN THEIR SIDECHAINS (Solution: tryptophan contains a nitrogen atom)

Arrange the following 4 bonds in order of INCREASING bond lengths: C−C (read as: C single bond C); C=C (read as: C double bond C); C≡C(read as: C triple bond C); C–H (read as: C single bond H)

C–H; C≡C; C=C; C−C

W) AN 18-CARBON SATURATED FATTY ACID | Solution: W = 70ºC, X =-5ºC, Y = 16ºC, Z = 32ºC; Saturated Fats are usually solids

200(Solution: 90g acid×100g soln/30g acid ×1cm^3/1.5 g soln = 200 cm^3= 200 ml)

Y) A + B C + D

Identify, by chemical formula, the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent, respectively, for the following reaction: SiCl4+ 2Mg -> 2 MgCl2 + Si

OXIDIZING AGENT = SiCl4 ; REDUCING AGENT = Mg

What is the electronic pair geometry and the molecular geometry typical of the molecule with the general formula AB4U, where A represents the central atom, B represent the bonded atoms, and U represent the unbonded electron pair: W) tetrahedral and angular X) trigonal bipyramidal and seesaw Y) octahedral and square pyramidal Z) octahedral and square planar

X) TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL AND SEESAW

Give the net ionic equation that occurs when aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate and barium nitrate are mixed:

Ba2+ + SO4 2- -> BaSO4

``` Phenylalanine is converted into which of the following amino acids by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase: W) tyrosine X) tryptophan Y) threonine Z) methionine ```

W) TYROSINE

In the equation for the Gibbs free energy change, if ∆H is positive and ∆S (read as: delta S) is positive, then the reactions are: W) product-favored only at high temperatures X) product- favored only at low temperatures Y) product-favored at all temperatures Z) reactant-favored at all temperatures

W) PRODUCT-FAVORED ONLY AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

Which of the following will NOT produce a precipitate after the two aqueous solutions are mixed: W) barium chloride and sodium sulfate X) lead nitrate and sodium chloride Y) sodium bromide and rubidium chloride Z) mercury one nitrate and calcium chloride

Y) SODIUM BROMIDE AND RUBIDIUM CHLORIDE

``` Which of the following is NOT an example of a weak base: W) NH3 X) NH4+ Y) CH3NH2 Z) C6H5NH2 ```

X) NH4+

What rule states that electrons occupy all the orbitals of a given subshell singly before pairing begins and that these unpaired electrons have parallel spins?

HUND’S RULE (ACCEPT: HUND’S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY)

Knowing that gallium is in group 13 and Period 4, give the simplified ground-state electron configuration, starting with the last filled noble gas configuration ofargon:

[Ar]4s2 3d10 4p1 (ACCEPT: [Ar]3d10 4s2 4p1 or 4s2 3d10 4p1 or 3d10 4s2 4p1)

What is the only amino acid that is not optically active?

GLYCINE

Consider two tanks that are connected by a closed valve. Tank A contains 6 liters of nitrogen gas at a pressure of 24 atmospheres and tank B contains 2 liters of oxygen gas at a pressure of 16 atmospheres. If the temperature is constant and the valve is opened, what is the pressure, in atmospheres, of the gas mixture at equilibrium?

22(Solution: P1V1= P2V2;(24atm)(6L) = (P N2)(8L) = 18atm; (16atm)(2L) =(PO2)(8L) = 4atm; Ptotal= 18 + 4 = 22atm)

``` Which of the following molecules has an electron pair geometry that matches its molecular geometry: W) H2O X) NH3 Y) SO2 Z) PCl5 ```

Z) PCl5

``` Which of the following is NOT a constitutional isomer of the organic compound whose molecular formula is C4H8: W) 1-butene X) 2-butene Y) 2-methyl-1-butene Z) 2-methyl-1-propene ```

Y) 2-METHYL-1-BUTENE (Solution: 2-methyl-1-butene has a molecular formula of C5H10)

``` For a given chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure, if the value for Gibbs free-energy change is a negative, the reaction is always: W) endothermic X) exothermic Y) spontaneous Z) nonspontaneous ```

Y) SPONTANEOUS

``` In a phase diagram, the solid- liquid line has a negative slope for which of the following pure substances: W) carbon dioxide X) water Y) ammonia Z) argon ```

X) WATER | Solution: solid water is less dense than liquid water

In order to find the heat of reaction, or delta H naught, for a reaction using standard enthalpie s of formation, the working formula is: W) delta H products minus delta H reactants X) delta H reactants minus delta H products Y) delta H reactants plus delta H products Z) delta H products plus delta H reactants

W) DELTA H PRODUCTS MINUS DELTA H REACTANTS

In crystallography, what is the coordination number, or number of nearest neighbors, of an atom in the simple cubic unit cell structure?

Predict the bond angles, in degrees, for atoms in a molecule of boron trichloride:

120º (ACCEPT: THREE 120º)

Consider a flexible balloon filled with 3.0 moles of helium at atemperature of 27ºC and at a pressure of 101.3 kilopascals. What is the volume in the balloon, in liters to the nearest whole number?

74 | Solution: V = (nRT)/P = [(3.0 mol)0.0821L.atm/mol.K)(300K)]/1 atm = 73.89L

What type of magnetism exists in substances in which electrons are unpaired and are very weakly attracted by magnetic fields?

PARAMAGNETISM (ACCEPT:PARAMAGNETIC)

``` Which of the following diatomic molecules will exhibit paramagnetism: W) B2 X) N2 Y) C2 Z) F2 ```

W) B2

``` Which of the following is a term used to describe the electronic geometry around a central atom that has 5 regions of high electron density: W) tetrahedral X) trigonal pyramidal Y) trigonal bipyramidal Z) octahedral ```

Y) TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL

``` Which of the following is NOT an aromatic amino acid: W) glutamine X) tryptophan Y) phenylalanine Z) tyrosine ```

W) GLUTAMINE

``` Which of the following molecules has the highest bond enthalpy, or energy it would take to break apart the bond: W) F2 X) H2 Y) HCl Z) CO ```

Z) CO

``` Silver iodide, or AgI, is LEAST soluble in which of the following aqueous solutions: W) NaOH X) distilled water Y) HNO3 Z) KI ```

Z) KI

Order the following 3 ionic solids in terms of their lattice energies or enthalpies, going from the HIGHEST to the LOWEST: LiBr;KBr; NaBr

LiBr; NaBr; KBr

Arrange the following 3 oxoacids or oxyacids in order of INCREASING acid strength: HBrO3;HBrO2; HBrO

HBrO; HBrO2; HBrO3

``` which of the following salt solutions, all at 1.0 molar concentration, will have a pH value less than 7: W) NH4Cl X) NaC2H3O2 Y) KCl Z) LiBr ```

W) NH4Cl

Name all of the following 4 compounds that exhibit hydrogen bonding: CH4; H2S; NH3; CH3OH

NH3; CH3OH

Which of the following is typically TRUE of organic compounds: W) acetylene contains delocalized pibonds X) the simplest carboxylic acid is ethanoic acid Y) ketones have no hydrogen atoms directly attached to the carbonyl group Z) alcohols contain nonpolar hydroxyl groups

Y) KETONES HAVE NO HYDROGEN ATOMS DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE CARBONYL GROUP

Rounded to the nearest whole number, what is the percent of magnesium in magnesium carbonate, given the atomic mass of magnesium is 24 grams per mole?

29(Solution: MgCO3= 24 + 12 + (3×16) = 84; 24/84 = 28.57%)

``` Which of the following elements has the largest second ionization energy: W) fluorine X) nitrogen Y) boron Z) lithium ```

Z) LITHIUM

Arrange the following compounds in order of INCREASING ionic characteristic: HCl; LiBr; CO; KF

CO; HCl; LiBr; KF

The hybridization of one 's'orbital and 3 'p' orbitals and one 'd' orbital creates how many sp3d hybrid orbitals?

A solution contains 0.50 moles of methanol in 100 grams of water. What is the mole fraction of methanol, to the second decimal place?

0.08(DO NOT ACCEPT 8.0%)(Solution: 100g/18 g mol-1= 5.56 moles; 0.5 mol/(5.56 + 0.5) = 0.0825

Calculate the atom percent composition, rounded to the nearest whole number, for each atom in acetic acid:

C = 25%; H = 50%; O= 25%

Calculate the mass percent composition, rounded to the nearest whole number, for each atom in acetic acid:

C = 40%; H = 7%; O = 53%(Solution: C= 24/60×100% = 40%; H= 4/60×100% = 6.7%; O= 32/60×100% = 53.3%)

``` Which of the following strong acids, all at 0.1 molar concentration, will have the LOWEST pH value: W) H2SO4 X) HNO3 Y) HCl Z) HClO4 ```

W) H2SO4

Giving its proper charge, what is the oxidation number of the manganese atom in the following compound: MnO4-

+7 (ACCEPT: 7)(Solution: Mn + 4(-2) =-1; Mn = +7)

In which positions on the benzene ring are the methyl groups found in the compound o-xylene or ortho-xylene:

1 AND 2(ACCEPT: 2 AND 1)

``` Which of the following is a tertiary alcohol: W) 2-propanol X) ethanol Y) 2-methyl-2-propanol Z) 1,2-ethanediol ```

Y) 2-METHYL-2-PROPANOL

Predict the bond angle or shape for the central atom in a molecule of beryllium dichloride:

180º (ACCEPT: LINEAR)

``` Avogadro’s gas law concerns which of the following two variables: W) temperature and pressure X) pressure and volume Y) temperature and volume Z) moles and volume ```

Z) MOLES AND VOLUME

What is the systematic IUPAC name for the compound Fe(NO2)3?

IRON (III) NITRITE (read as: iron three nitrite)

To the second decimal place, what is the concentration of nitrate ions, in moles per liter, in a 0.26 molar Al(NO3)3 solution?

0.78 (Solution: 3×0.26 = 0.78)

``` Which of the following is considered a monoprotic acid: W) sulfuric acid X) hypochlorous acid Y) carbonic acid Z) sulfurous acid ```

X) HYPOCHLOROUS ACID(Solution: acid with 1 ionizable H atom, HOCl)

Arrange the following 4 cations in order of increasing ionic radii: Mg2+; Rb+; Al3+; Na+

Al3+; Mg2+; Na+; Rb+

``` The titration of a weak base, 0.100 molar NaCN, with a strong acid, 0.100 molar HCl, results in a solution at the equivalence point having a pH of: W) between 7 and 10 X) 7 Y) between 4 and 7 Z) between 1 and 3 ```

Y) BETWEEN 4 AND 7

In grams per liter, what is density of a gas whose molar mass is 134.4 grams per mole at standard temperature and pressure?

6 (Solution: d = (134.4g/mol)/22.4L/mol) = 6.0g/L)

The hybridization of one 's' orbital and two 'p' orbitals creates how many sp2 hybrid orbitals?

``` A molecule whose geometry of electron domains is tetrahedral and whose shape is bent or angular is: W) water X) sulfur dioxide Y) carbon dioxide Z) ammonium ```

W) WATER

What are the bond angles around each carbon in a benzene ring?

120º

How many carbons are in the following compound: (read slowly) 4-ethyl-4- methyl octane

Chemistry Flashcards

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