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Chemistry in industry Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What’s a metal ore?

A

Compound with metal found in Earth which is worth extracting

Finite resource

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2
Q

What’s a reduction reaction?

A

A reaction that separates a metal from it’s oxygen

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3
Q

Example of a reduction reaction?

A

Copper oxide + Carbon = Copper + oxygen

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4
Q

Which elements can undergo a reduction reaction with carbon?

A

Anything less reactive than carbon, so the carbon can steal the oxygen

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5
Q

How’s a reduction reaction done?

A

Ore is heated with Carbon monoxide

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6
Q

How are compound ores with more reactive elements than carbon separated?

A

Electrolysis

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7
Q

What’s used to reduce the temperature (and costs), of the electrolysis of aluminium oxide?

A

Cryolite, aluminium oxide has a high boiling point, so instead it’s dissolved in cryolite, making it cheaper and easier

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8
Q

Why does the positive carbon electrode often need replacing?

A

Reacts with oxygen wears it down

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9
Q

What happens at the cathode at the electrolysis of Aluminium oxide?

A

Reduction, the aluminium gains 3 electrons

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10
Q

What happens at the anode at the electrolysis of Aluminium oxide?

A

Oxidation, oxygen loses 4 electrons

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11
Q

What overall reaction is the electrolysis of aluminium oxide?

A

Redox reaction

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12
Q

What’s the complete equation for the decomposition of aluminium oxide?

A

Aluminium Oxide = aluminium + oxygen

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13
Q

Why’s electrolysis expensive?

A

Requires a lot of electricity

Positive electrodes often need replacing

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14
Q

Why’s electrolysis of aluminium good?

A

Now it’s cheap, used to be very rare and hard to extract

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15
Q

How is iron extracted from haematite?

A

Reduction in a blast furnace

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16
Q

What are the raw materials put in the blast furnace?

A

Iron ore, containing the iron
Coke, containing carbon to reduce iron oxide to iron metal
Limestone takes away impurities in the form of slag

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17
Q

How does the iron ore get reduced to iron?

A

Hot air blasted in

Coke burns to produce carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide reacts with unburnt coke to form carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide reduces iron ore to iron

iron is molten at this temperature and very dense so it runs down and tapped off at the bottom

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18
Q

How are the impurities removed in a blast furnace?

A

Main impurity is silicon dioxide (sand)

Limestone decomposed by the heat to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

Calcium oxide reacts with silicon dioxide to form slag with is molten to tapped off

Slag can be used for road building or fertiliser

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19
Q

What properties do aluminium and iron have in common?

A 
Metals
Dense and shiny
Conduct heat and electricity
Malleable and strong
High boiling points
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20
Q

Use of wrought iron (pure iron)?

A

Malleable so ornamental gates and railings

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21
Q

What’s an alloy?i

A

Irons mixed with another element, giving it different properties

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22
Q

What’s cast iron used for?

A

Hard and brittle, so cooking pans

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23
Q

Steel?

A

Hard, so car bodies

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24
Q

What’s the main problem with iron?

A

It rusts

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25
What's stainless steel?
Alloy of iron and chromium which doesn't rust
26
Benefits of aluminium to iron?
Doesn't corrode as layer of aluminium oxide prevents further reactions Lighter so used in aeroplanes
27
What's crude oil?
A mixture of Hydro- carbons
28
How is crude oil separated?
Fractional distillation
29
How does fractional distillation work?
Oil is heated up in a fractionating column Longer Hydrocarbons condense earlier and drain out due to high boiling points Shorter Hydrocarbons condense later and drain out due to lower boiling points
30
Features of Refinery gases?
Hydrocarbon length: 3 | Uses: Bottled gas
31
Features of gasoline?
Hydrocarbon length: 8 | Uses: fuel for vehicles
32
Features of Naphtha?
Hydrocarbon length: 10 | Uses: Feedstock
33
Features of Kerosene ( Paraffin)?
Hydrocarbon length: 15 | Uses: Jet engines
34
Features of Diesel?
Hydrocarbon length: 20 | Uses: Fuel for diesel engines
35
Features of Fuel oil?
Hydrocarbon length: 40 | Uses: Central heating
36
Features of Bitumen?
Hydrocarbon length: 70+ | Uses: Road surfaces
37
What happens when fractions from crude oil are burnt as fuels?
Pollutants produced
38
Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?
Stops red blood cells carrying oxygen, by combining with haemoglobin
39
Why is sulphur dioxide produce from burning fuel?
sulphur impurities in the fuel
40
Why are nitrogen oxides produced?
Temperature is high enough for Nitrogen and Oxygen to react
41
How does Sulfur dioxide and Nitrogen oxides cause acid rain?
Reacts with clouds to form sulphuric acid, or nitric acid
42
Damages of Acid rain?
Makes lakes acidic | Damages limestone buildings
43
Features of long Hydrocarbons?
High boiling points
44
Features of short Hydrocarbons?
Low boiling points
45
What's cracking?
Form of thermal decomposition
46
Why are long Hydrocarbons cracked?
The smaller ones are more useful
47
What does cracking also produce?
Alkenes used to make polymers
48
How to crack paraffin?
Heat the paraffin and make it pass over a heated catalyst in the form of alumina, Paraffin cracks, collect the alkenes
49
Equation for the cracking of a hydrocarbon?
Long chain alkane = shorter alkane + alkenes
50
What's a monomer?
The small molecules, with carbon-carbon double bonds (alkenes)
51
How are addition polymers made?
When the monomers under go high pressure and a catalyst they join hands (polymerise) to form polymers
52
What's a polymer?
A very long saturated chain
53
What does the N in a polymer equation mean?
How many repeat units there are
54
What's a repeat unit?
The part of the polymer which is repeated
55
How do you find the monomer used to form an addition bond?
Take the repeat unit and add a double bond
56
What's a condensation polymer?
When 2 monomers react and for each new bond a small molecule (eg water) is lost
57
Example of a condensation polymer?
Nylon, Monomer 1 + Monomer 2 = condensation polymer ( nylon) + water
58
Use of poly(ethene)?
Stretchable and light so bottles
59
Uses of Poly(propene)?
Tough/heat resistant so kettles
60
Uses of Poly(chloroethene)
Insulating electrical cables
61
Why are polymers difficult to get rid of?
Carbon carbon bonds are tough so they take a long time to bio degrade
62
Why can't you burn polymers?
Release toxic gases
63
Best way to deal with polymers?
Reuse them
64
Equation for the harbour process?
Nitrogen + Hydrogen = ammonia
65
Use of ammonia?
Used as fertiliser
66
Where's the nitrogen obtained?
Air
67
Where's the hydrogen obtained?
Natural gas
68
What's unique about the harbour process?
It's reversible, so not all ammonia and hydrogen will convert into ammonia, it reaches dynamic equilibrium
69
What are the required conditions for the harbour process?
Pressure 200 atmospheres Temperature 450C Catalyst Iron
70
Why is the pressure so high in the harbour process?
It benefits the forward reaction, so the making of ammonia
71
Why is the temperature 450C
Higher temperatures favour the backwards reaction, however increasing the heat makes the reaction faster so it's a compromise
72
What's ammonium nitrate a good fertiliser?
Provides plants with Nitrogen and ammonia
73
What's the contact process used for?
Making sulphuric acid
74
Describe the contact process?
Sulphur is burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide Sulphur dioxide is oxidised (with a catalyst) to form sulphur trioxide Sulfur trioxide is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid to form a liquid oleum Oleum is diluted with water to form concentrated sulphuric acid
75
Why's a catalyst so important in the contact process?
A higher temperature favours the backwards reaction, but a high temperature is needed to increase the speed of the reaction
76
Condition for the contact process?
Temperature: 450C Pressure 2 atmospheres Catalyst : vanadium oxide
77
Uses of sulphuric acid?
Fertilisers Detergents Paints
78
What's produced in the electrolysis of the salt brine ( sodium chloride solution)
Hydrogen chlorine and sodium hydroxide
79
Where's the hydrogen gas given off?
Cathode
80
Where's the chlorine gas given off??
Anode
81
Where is the sodium hydroxide produced?
Stays in the solution
82
How many electrons are gained or lost by the hydrogen and chlorine?
2
83
What's chlorine used for?
Bleach or sterilisation
84
What's hydrogen used for?
Harbour process, or changing oils into fats
85
What's sodium hydroxide used for?
Very strong base, so soap

Chemistry (9 decks)

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