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Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

What are organic molecules made up of?

A

Organic molecules are made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), and some contain other elements such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).

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2
Q

What are the main components of cells?

A

Cells are made up of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

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3
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Inorganic compounds include water and mineral salts.

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4
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Organic compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and nucleic acids.

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5
Q

What is the role of water in cells?

A

Water is a universal solvent, a transportation medium, a medium for chemical reactions, and removes waste products.

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6
Q

What is the composition of water?

A

Water is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms joined to 1 oxygen atom.

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7
Q

What percentage of cells is made up of water?

A

70-95% of cells are made up of water.

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8
Q

What are macro-nutrients?

A

Macro-nutrients are essential elements required by organisms in large quantities.

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9
Q

What are micro-nutrients?

A

Micro-nutrients are essential elements required by organisms in small quantities.

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10
Q

How do plants obtain minerals?

A

Plants obtain minerals from the soil and fertilizers.

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11
Q

How do animals obtain minerals?

A

Animals obtain minerals from the food that they consume.

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12
Q

What is sodium’s chemical symbol?

A

Sodium’s chemical symbol is Na.

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13
Q

What is the function of sodium in animals?

A

Sodium helps maintain salt-water balance.

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14
Q

What is the function of potassium in plants?

A

Potassium is important for root development.

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15
Q

What is the function of calcium in animals?

A

Calcium is essential for bone and teeth formation.

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16
Q

What is the deficiency disease associated with calcium?

A

The deficiency disease associated with calcium is rickets.

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17
Q

What is the function of iron in animals?

A

Iron forms hemoglobin, which transports oxygen.

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18
Q

What is the deficiency disease associated with iron?

A

The deficiency disease associated with iron is anemia.

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19
Q

What is the deficiency disease associated with sodium?

A

The deficiency disease associated with sodium can lead to muscle cramps.

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20
Q

What is the deficiency disease associated with potassium?

A

The deficiency disease associated with potassium can lead to muscle weakness.

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21
Q

What is the deficiency disease associated with magnesium?

A

The deficiency disease associated with magnesium can lead to irregular heartbeat.

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22
Q

What is the deficiency disease associated with iodine?

A

The deficiency disease associated with iodine can lead to goiter.

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23
Q

What are organic molecules made up of?

A

Organic molecules are made up of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O), and some contain other elements such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).

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24
Q

What are the main components of cells?

A

Cells are made up of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins.

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25
What are inorganic compounds?
Inorganic compounds include water and mineral salts.
26
What are organic compounds?
Organic compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and nucleic acids.
27
What is the role of water in cells?
Water is a universal solvent, a transportation medium, a medium for chemical reactions, and removes waste products.
28
What is the composition of water?
Water is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms joined to 1 oxygen atom.
29
What percentage of cells is made up of water?
70-95% of cells are made up of water.
30
What are macro-nutrients?
Macro-nutrients are essential elements required by organisms in large quantities.
31
What are micro-nutrients?
Micro-nutrients are essential elements required by organisms in small quantities.
32
How do plants obtain minerals?
Plants obtain minerals from the soil and fertilizers.
33
How do animals obtain minerals?
Animals obtain minerals from the food that they consume.
34
What is sodium's chemical symbol?
Sodium's chemical symbol is Na.
35
What is the function of sodium in animals?
Sodium helps maintain salt-water balance.
36
What is the function of potassium in plants?
Potassium is important for root development.
37
What is the function of calcium in animals?
Calcium is essential for bone and teeth formation.
38
What is the deficiency disease associated with calcium?
The deficiency disease associated with calcium is rickets.
39
What is the function of iron in animals?
Iron forms hemoglobin, which transports oxygen.
40
What is the deficiency disease associated with iron?
The deficiency disease associated with iron is anemia.
41
What is the deficiency disease associated with sodium?
The deficiency disease associated with sodium can lead to muscle cramps.
42
What is the deficiency disease associated with potassium?
The deficiency disease associated with potassium can lead to muscle weakness.
43
What is the deficiency disease associated with magnesium?
The deficiency disease associated with magnesium can lead to irregular heartbeat.
44
What is the deficiency disease associated with iodine?
The deficiency disease associated with iodine can lead to goiter.
45
What are carbohydrates?
Molecules found in our food that provide our brains and muscles with energy.
46
What are the two main types of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex carbohydrates.
47
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler forms. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
48
What are disaccharides?
Double sugars composed of two monosaccharides that are bonded together. Examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
49
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates made of many monosaccharide units linked together. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
50
How can you test for glucose?
Add Benedict's solution to the unknown solution and heat it. A color change from blue to orange/brick red indicates the presence of glucose.
51
How can you test for starch?
Add iodine to the unknown solution. A color change from brown to blue-black indicates the presence of starch.
52
What are lipids?
Fats that are important molecules sustaining life, found in all cell membranes, serving as an energy source and insulating nerve cells.
53
What are the components of lipids?
Composed of three fatty acid chains.
54
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
To serve as an energy source for the body.
55
What is the structure of polysaccharides?
Consist of chains made of ten to thousands of monosaccharide molecules.
56
What is cellulose?
A polysaccharide found in plants that acts as dietary fiber.
57
What is glycogen?
A polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles of humans, serving as a way to store glucose.
58
What are carbohydrates?
Molecules found in our food that provide our brains and muscles with energy.
59
What are the two main types of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex carbohydrates.
60
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler forms. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
61
What are disaccharides?
Double sugars composed of two monosaccharides that are bonded together. Examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
62
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates made of many monosaccharide units linked together. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
63
How can you test for glucose?
Add Benedict's solution to the unknown solution and heat it. A color change from blue to orange/brick red indicates the presence of glucose.
64
How can you test for starch?
Add iodine to the unknown solution. A color change from brown to blue-black indicates the presence of starch.
65
What are lipids?
Fats that are important molecules sustaining life, found in all cell membranes, serving as an energy source and insulating nerve cells.
66
What are the components of lipids?
Composed of three fatty acid chains.
67
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
To serve as an energy source for the body.
68
What is the structure of polysaccharides?
Consist of chains made of ten to thousands of monosaccharide molecules.
69
What is cellulose?
A polysaccharide found in plants that acts as dietary fiber.
70
What is glycogen?
A polysaccharide found in the liver and muscles of humans, serving as a way to store glucose.
71
What is cholesterol?
A waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. It is needed to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help digest foods.
72
What are the risks associated with high cholesterol?
High cholesterol is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease and can lead to heart attacks.
73
What is atherosclerosis?
A process where a build-up of cholesterol narrows arteries, forming plaques that restrict blood flow.
74
What are the characteristics of fatty acids?
Fatty acids have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail.
75
How can diet affect cholesterol levels?
Reducing fat intake helps manage cholesterol levels.
76
What foods should be limited to manage cholesterol?
Foods high in saturated lipids and cholesterol, such as animal foods, meat, cheese, and certain processed foods.
77
What are saturated fats?
Fats that don't have double bonds between atoms and are solids at room temperature, found in butter, meat, and dairy.
78
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats that have double bonds between atoms and are liquid at room temperature, like vegetable oils.
79
What is the link between saturated fat and health?
Diets high in saturated fat are linked to high blood cholesterol levels and heart disease.
80
How can you test for lipids?
Fats and oils leave behind a grease spot stain on filter paper.
81
What is cholesterol?
A waxy, fat-like substance found in all cells of the body. It is needed to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help digest foods.
82
What are the risks associated with high cholesterol?
High cholesterol is a significant risk factor for coronary heart disease and can lead to heart attacks.
83
What is atherosclerosis?
A process where a build-up of cholesterol narrows arteries, forming plaques that restrict blood flow.
84
What are the characteristics of fatty acids?
Fatty acids have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail.
85
How can diet affect cholesterol levels?
Reducing fat intake helps manage cholesterol levels.
86
What foods should be limited to manage cholesterol?
Foods high in saturated lipids and cholesterol, such as animal foods, meat, cheese, and certain processed foods.
87
What are saturated fats?
Fats that don't have double bonds between atoms and are solids at room temperature, found in butter, meat, and dairy.
88
What are unsaturated fats?
Fats that have double bonds between atoms and are liquid at room temperature, like vegetable oils.
89
What is the link between saturated fat and health?
Diets high in saturated fat are linked to high blood cholesterol levels and heart disease.
90
How can you test for lipids?
Fats and oils leave behind a grease spot stain on filter paper.
91
What are proteins?
Proteins are large organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. Some proteins also contain sulfur, phosphorus, and iron.
92
What are amino acids?
Amino acids are the chemical 'building blocks' of proteins. There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in the proteins of living things.
93
What is the role of proteins in the body?
Proteins are used to build and repair muscles and bones, and to make hormones and enzymes.
94
What is protein classified as?
Protein is a macronutrient found in all types of animal and plant foods.
95
What factors affect the structure of proteins?
Temperature and pH affect the structure of proteins. High temperatures and extreme pH can cause permanent changes.
96
What happens when a protein is denatured?
When the molecular shape of a protein is changed, it is said to be denatured.
97
What is the Biuret reagent used for?
Biuret reagent, a blue solution, is used to test for protein. A deep purple color indicates the presence of protein.
98
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are protein molecules that control metabolic reactions and act as catalysts.
99
How do enzymes function?
Enzymes are not altered by the reaction and can function repeatedly. They are specific in their action.
100
What is the lock-and-key model?
The lock-and-key model describes how specific enzymes act on specific substrate molecules, similar to how a key fits into a lock.
101
What is the optimum temperature for enzymes in the human body?
The optimum temperature for enzymes in the human body is 37°C.
102
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
At high temperatures, the structure of the enzyme can be destroyed, preventing it from binding with the substrate.
103
What happens to enzymes at low temperatures?
At low temperatures, enzymes become inactive, but their structure is not permanently destroyed.
104
How does pH affect enzymes?
Most enzymes work best in pH-neutral conditions. Extreme pH can permanently denature enzymes.

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