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BIOLOGY 131 - EXAM 1 > Chemistry of Life (Ch. 2) > Flashcards

Chemistry of Life (Ch. 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Anything that has mass and occupies space

A

Matter

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2
Q
  • The amount of material (“stuff”) occupying a space
  • The same no matter where you are (even on the moon!)
A

Mass

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3
Q

The amount of space something takes up

A

Volume

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4
Q
  • The gravitational force pulling on something
  • Different depending on where you are (e.g. the moon versus earth)
A

Weight

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5
Q
  • Substance that can’t be broken down into anything simpler (by ordinary chemical means)
  • A “pure” substance
  • A way of classifying matter
A

Element

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6
Q

96% of the human body is made up of these four elements (in different combinations)

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Hydrogen
  3. Oxygen
  4. Nitrogen
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7
Q
  • Smallest piece of an element that has the chemical properties of that element
A

Atom

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8
Q

The three types of subatomic particles that make up atoms

A
  1. Protons
  2. Neutrons
  3. Electrons
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9
Q
  • Subatomic particles with a positive charge
  • Found in the nucleus of an atom
A

Protons

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10
Q
  • Subatomic particles with no charge (neutral)
  • Found in the nucleus of an atom
A

Neutrons

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11
Q
  • Subatomic particles with a negative charge
  • Orbit outside of the nucleus of an atom
A

Electrons

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12
Q
  • The name for the center of an atom
  • Where the protons and neutrons hang out
A

Nucleus

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13
Q
  • Name for the paths electrons take around the outside of an atom’s nucleus
A

Orbits or shells

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14
Q

The word for the big letter (or two letters) that represents an element on the periodic table or elements

A

Atomic Symbol

(or Chemical Symbol)

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15
Q
  • Unique to each element
  • Equal to the number of protons in every atom of that element
  • Also equal to the number of electrons every atom of that element starts out with
  • The lesser of the two numbers in a box on the periodic table of elements
A

Atomic Number

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16
Q
  • Equal to the (average) number of protons and neutrons added together (for each atom of a specific element)
  • The greater of the numbers found in a box on the periodic table of elements
A

Mass Number (or Atomic Mass Number)

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17
Q

Name the rule:

  • Maximum of eight electrons per orbit (shell)
  • An atom “wants” eight electrons on an orbit to be “happy”
  • This rule does not apply to the FIRST (closest to the nucleus) orbit
    • (The first orbit for every atom has a maximum of two electrons)
    • 2-8-8-8-… until you run out of electrons
A

The Octet Rule

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18
Q

For two atoms to form a chemical bond, what has to happen?

A

(a chemical reaction in which…) their outermost electrons are either TRANSFERRED, or SHARED

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19
Q

What determines what type of chemical reactions (or bonds) an atom will take part in?

A

The number of electrons leftover on an atom’s outermost shell

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20
Q

Two or more atoms, chemically combined

A

Molecule

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21
Q

A molecule made up of atoms of two or more different elements

A

Compound

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22
Q

What do the tiny numbers below each letter in a chemical formula stand for?

  • For example: C6H12O6
  • Called “subscript”
A

They stand for how many atoms of each element are in that molecule.

  • For example, in C6H12O6:
    • 6 atoms of Carbon (C)
      • 12 atoms of Hydrogen (H)
      • 6 atoms of Oxygen (O)
    • = one molecule of the compound glucose
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23
Q

Name the bond:

  • Formed by the transfer (giving or recieving) of electrons among atoms
  • Results in two oppositely charged ions sticking together, like magnets
  • Dissociates easily in water
A

Ionic bond

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24
Q

An atom with a charge (either positive or negative)

A

Ion

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25
Q

A positively charged ion

A

Cation

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26
Q

A negatively charged ion

A

Anion

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27
Q

Name the bond:

  • A bond formed by two or more atoms sharing electrons (to complete each others’ outer shells)
  • Represented on paper with dashes:
    • Each dash represents an electron being shared between atoms, for example:
    • H-H
    • O=C=O
A

Covalent bond

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28
Q

What are the two types of covalent bonds?

A
  • Polar covalent bond
  • Nonpolar covalent bond
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29
Q

Name the bond:

  • A specific type of covalent bond, where electrons are shared equally between atoms
  • Since the shared electron(s) spend an equal amount of time with each atom, both atoms remain neutral (not charged)
A

Nonpolar covalent bond

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30
Q

Name the bond:

  • A specific type of covalent bond, where the electron(s) are unequally shared
  • Electrons are more strongly drawn to one atom than the other, so they spend more time hanging out on one the side of the molecule
  • The side that the electrons like to hang out at becomes slightly negatively charged (because electrons are negative)
  • Molecules made up of these types of bonds dissolve easily in water
A

Polar covalent bond

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31
Q

Chemical Reactions

If an atom has 1-3 electrons leftover on its outermost shell, it will “want” to:

A) Give away those electrons (Ionic bond)

B) Share electrons (Covalent bond)

C) Recieve electrons from another atom (Ionic bond)

D) Do nothing, its happy the way it is

A

A) Electron giver*

*Except in the case of hydrogen. Hydrogen only has one electron total, and is a “sharer.”

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32
Q

Chemical Reactions

If an atom has 4 electrons leftover on its outermost shell, it will “want” to:

A) Give away those electrons (Ionic bond)

B) Share electrons (Covalent bond)

C) Recieve electrons from another atom (Ionic bond)

D) Do nothing, its happy the way it is

A

B) Electron sharer

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33
Q

Chemical Reactions

If an atom has 5-7 electrons leftover on its outermost shell, it will “want” to:

A) Give away those electrons (Ionic bond)

B) Share electrons (Covalent bond)

C) Recieve electrons from another atom (Ionic bond)

D) Do nothing, its happy the way it is

A

C) Electron receiver

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34
Q

Name the bond:

  • Very weak
  • Formed between polar molecules, like molecules of water
  • The reason water is so special!
A

Hydrogen bonds

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35
Q
  • Refers to combining smaller pieces to make something bigger
  • Literally means, “join together”
A

Synthesis

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36
Q
  • Refers to breaking down something into smaller pieces
A

Decomposition

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37
Q
  • A type of chemical reaction where molecules break apart, and trade (or “swap”) pieces of themselves with other molecules.
A

Exchange reaction

38
Q
  • A specific type of synthesis that occurs in the body
  • A water molecule is chemically removed to make room for two molecules to fit together
  • An anabolic reaction
  • Used for building larger molecules from smaller ones; used for repairing, healing, and growth
A

Dehydration synthesis

39
Q
  • A specific type of decomposition reaction that occurs in the human body
  • A molecule of water is chemically added to break apart a large molecule into two smaller ones
  • A catabolic reaction
  • Used for digestion
A

Hydrolysis

40
Q

The 3 factors that effect the rate (speed) of chemical reactions.

A
  1. Concentration
  2. Temperature
  3. Catalyst
41
Q
  • The more crowded reactants are, the more likely they are to “bump into” each other
A

Concentration

42
Q
  • When reactants are heated up, they move around more quickly
  • This makes reactants more likely to “bump into” each other
A

Temperature

43
Q
  • A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
  • Does not get altered or used up in the chemical reaction
  • For example, an enzyme
A

Catalyst

44
Q
  • Molecules that contain a carbon “backbone,” or “skeleton” (a chain of carbons covalently bonded to each other)
A

Organic compounds (organic molecules)

45
Q
  • Molecules that do not contain a carbon “backbone” (or “skeleton”)
A

Inorganic compounds (inorganic molecules)

46
Q
  • An important inorganic compound; required for chemical reactions in the body
  • Helps the body to resist changes in temperature
  • Protects the body; lubricates and cushions
  • Due to its polarity, many chemicals dissolve readily in it to create mixtures
A

Water (H2O)

47
Q
  • A mixture made up of a liquid with substance fully dissolved in it
  • E.g. saltwater
A

Solution

48
Q
  • A mixture of a liquid and a non-dissolved substance, which settles out of it if not constantly shaken.
  • E.g. oil and vinegar salad dressing
A

Suspension

49
Q
  • A mixture of a liquid and a non-dissolved substance that does not settle out
  • E.g. homogenized milk
A

Colloid

50
Q
  • A scale that ranks the strength of an acid or base
  • Stands for “power of hydrogen”
A

pH scale

51
Q
  • Any substance that releases H+ (hydrogen ions) in water
  • Referred to as a proton donor
  • Ranks between below 7 on the pH scale
A

Acid

52
Q
  • Any substance that binds to H+ (hydrogen ions)
  • Referred to as a proton acceptor
  • Ranks between above 7 on the pH scale
A

Base

53
Q
  • Substance with a rank of exactly 7 on the pH scale
  • E.g. “pure” water
A

Neutral

54
Q
  • Inorganic
  • Made up of a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-
  • Created when an acid and a base dissociate in the same water, and participate in an exchange reaction with each other (“partner swap”)
A

Salt

55
Q
  • An inorganic compound
  • You breathe this into your lungs from the air, then it passes into your bloodstream
  • Your cells need this to help turn the food you eat into energy they can use
A

Oxygen (O2)

56
Q
  • An inorganic compound
  • A waste product your cells make when they finish breaking down glucose (food) for energy
  • You exhale to get rid of it
A

Carbond dioxide (CO2)

57
Q

The 4 categories of organic macromolecules

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
58
Q
  • An category of organic macromolecules
  • Always composed of C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1
  • Polar molecules; dissolve in water
A

Carbohydrates

59
Q
  • A sub-category of carbohydrate
  • Called “simple sugars”
  • Chain together to form larger carbohydrates
  • E.g. glucose (C6H12O6)
A

Monosaccharide

60
Q
  • A sub-category of carbohydrate
  • Made up of two simple sugars (monosaccharides) chemically joined by dehydration synthesis
  • E.g. sucrose (table sugar)
A

Disaccharide

61
Q
  • A sub-category of carbohydrate
  • Made up of a chain of many simple sugars (monosaccharides) chemically joined together
  • E.g. glycogen, starch, and cellulose
A

Polysaccharide

62
Q
  • A polysaccharide created in the bodies of animals
  • Stores energy
  • Found in the liver and skeletal muscles
A

Glycogen

63
Q
  • A polysaccharide created by plants
  • Energy storage for plants
A

Starch

64
Q
  • A polysaccharide created by plants
  • Plants don’t have skeletons, but this allows plants to grow tall
  • Found in the cell walls of plant cells; lets them stack like “little bricks”
  • Humans can’t digest this, but it is important “roughage” (“fiber”) in our diet
A

Cellulose

65
Q
  • A category of organic macromolecule
  • Composed of C, H, and O (but has much LESS oxygen)
  • Nonpolar molecules; insoluble in water (do not dissolve)
A

Lipids

66
Q
  • A sub-category of lipids
  • Energy storage
  • Protects organs by “cushioning” them
  • Usually occur as triglycerides (1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
A

Fats

67
Q
  • The building block of proteins
  • Composed of a central carbon + an amino group + a carboxlic acid group + a lone hydrogen + a variable “R” group
  • 20 different variations
A

Amino Acids

68
Q
  • A chain of covalently bonded amino acids
  • Composed of C H O N and sometimes S
A

Proteins

69
Q

Name for the covalent bonds between amino acids

A

Peptide bonds

70
Q

Changing the shape of a protein by breaking hydrogen bonds

A

Denature

71
Q

Sequence of amino acids

A

Primary Structure of a protein

72
Q

Two or more proteins functioning together as a unit

A

Quaternary structure of proteins

73
Q
  • A protein
  • A catalyst
  • Lowers how much energy is required to kick-start a chemical reaction in the body
  • Names end in “-ase”
A

Enzyme

74
Q

Substance that an enzyme acts upon

A

Substrate

75
Q
  • Composed of C H O N and P
  • Made up of nucleotides
  • Must be made in the body (can’t be used from eaten food)
A

Nucleic Acids

76
Q
  • Building blocks of nucleic acids
  • Made up of a monosaccharide + phosphate group + nitrogenous base
A

Nucleotides

77
Q
  • Genetic material
  • Two strands of nucleotides twisted to form a double helix
A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

78
Q
  • A nitrogenous base
  • Pairs with thymine in DNA
  • Pairs with uracil in RNA
A

Adenine

79
Q
  • A nitrogenous base
  • Pairs with cytosine in both DNA and RNA
A

Guanine

80
Q

DNA and globular proteins spun together in a loose thread-like form

A

Chromatin

81
Q

Bunched up chromatin ready for cell division

A

Chromosomes

82
Q
  • DNA double helix “unzips” from the bottom and free floating nucleotides fill in the gaps
  • Forms two new DNA molecules but each contain one half (strand) of the original
A

Semiconservative replication

83
Q
  • A nucleic acid
  • Carries out instructions from the DNA
  • Synthesizes proteins
  • Composed of a single strand
  • Has uracil instead of thymine
A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

84
Q
  • Composed of adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups
  • Stores energy from catabolism to provide energy for anabolism
  • Called “energy currency”
  • The last covalent bond contains *extra* energy
A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

85
Q

Leftover after removing a phosphate group from ATP

A

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

86
Q
  • A glycerol + 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group
  • Has a hydrophillic “head” and 2 hydrophobic “tails”
A

Phospholipid

87
Q

Water “loving”

A

Hydrophilic

88
Q

“Afraid” of water

A

Hydrophobic

89
Q
  • Derived from fatty acids in response to injury
  • Regulate some hormones and blood clotting
  • Enhance pain
A

Prostaglandins

90
Q
  • Lipids whose carbon skeletons are arranged in “C”-shaped rings
  • Includes cholesterol and hormones
A

Steroids

BIOLOGY 131 - EXAM 1 (6 decks)

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