Chemistry partial 3 final exam Flashcards
(75 cards)
0
Q
Physical change
A
When matter transforms but there is no new substance created
1
Q
Chemical change
A
It’s when your chemical structure is rearranged or changed to make something new. Change I. The internal structure a new substance is created
2
Q
Nuclear change
A
When not only the internal structure is changed but also the nucleus of an atom is changed
3
Q
Intensive properties
A
Don't rely on the amount of matter Density Composition Luster Flammability Melting and boiling point
4
Q
Extensive properties
A
Depend on amount of matter Volume Mass Size or length Shape
5
Q
Qualitative properties
A
Color Size Shape Odor Luster
6
Q
Quantitative properties
A
Mass Volume Boiling and melting points Density Temperature Composition
7
Q
Chemical properties
A
Needs a chemical text ion to know it
Composition and toxicity
Corrosive
Reactivity to something
8
Q
Physical properties
A
Describes the physical state of matter Color Volume Mass Length or size Etc
9
Q
Chemical verbal equations
A
You need the reactants to get a product and maybe they use a catalyze and you add temperature if there is and also the states both sides are in
10
Q
Evidence of a chemical change
A
If all properties all different
Formation of bubbles or gas
Change of color
Solid is made (precipitation or solidification)
Energy release or absorption of it: heat, light, sound
11
Q
SI units
A
Length
12
Q
Si prefixes
A
Tera 10-12 Giga 10-9 Mega 10-6 Kilo 10-3 Hecto 10-2 Deka 10-1
Deci 10--1 Centi 10--2 Milli 10--3 Micro 10--6 Nano 10--9 Pico 10--12 Femto 10--15 Atto 10--18
13
Q
Units
A
They define the property we want to measure more accurately
And tell us what we’re measuring which quantities and such. They can have a pedix
Cm
Palms
Markers
Meters etc
14
Q
Magnitude
A
The number in units
The actual number
15
Q
Quantity
A
What we are measuring
Length Height Mass Time Etx
16
Q
Density
A
Mass over volume
M/s Kg/ms G/cm3 G/ml G/ml3
17
Q
Properties of solids
A
Volume definite Shape definite Density high Particle Movement vibrating Compressibility none incompressible Particle position fixed
18
Q
Properties of liquids 6
A
Volume definite(always close together)
Shape indefinite
Density sort of high
Compressibility little virtually none
Particle position sort of fixed always close together and moving
Particle Movement moving past each other more than solids
19
Q
Properties of gases
A
Volume indefinite Shape indefinite Density low Particle movement crazy free, independent and fast Compressibility very Particle position not fixed
20
Q
Properties of plasma
A
Extremely energetic gas Volume indefinite Shape indefinite Density super low Particle movement bounce and super fast Compressibility super Particle position not fixed and independent
21
Q
How can we classify matter?
A
By purity
By origin( synthetic or natural)
Presence of carbon
Physical state(aggregation state)
22
Q
Precision
A
Variations of the measures with the same instrument
Variation of measurements
23
Q
Accuracy
A
The more exact and approximate to reality
24
Percentage of error
Measured value- actual value/ actual value and everything times 100
25
Significant figures
In a measurement consists of all digits know the certainty of them
For multiplication and divisor you do the operation and state the number with lowest and you take them.
For adding and subtracting you do the operation and you take the significant figures closest to the decimal
26
Energy
The capacity to do something
27
Types of energy
Potential- stored energy
Nuclear, gravitational, chemical, electric, elastic
Kinetic energy - energy due to movement
Sound ,light,Thermal, mechanical
28
Exothermic and endothemic
Lose energy and gaming energy
29
Heat
Transfer of kinetic energy
Fastest moving particles to slowest only if they're in touch
30
Temperature
Average kinetic energy
Can last as long as it is not touching another object
31
Scale conversions for temperature
```
K= c+ 273.15
C= k+ 273.15
```
32
Dimensional analysis
How much of this equals to this??
What you are converting to must be up and what you are converting from down so or can cancel out
33
Scientific method
| Variables and controls
Observation, why..?
Hypothesis, really specific and able to prove false and logical and clear and testable
Experiment, you can only have one variable and everything else every reason must be In Control
Conclusion, scientific knowledge
34
Hypothesis, law and theory
Speculating statement
More general it doesn't explain why but describes what happens
Series of proven hypotheses
35
Ponderal laws
Law of definite proportions- Proust (no matter how much mass you have of whichever element you will always have the same density...)
Law of conservation of mass- Lavoisier
Law of multiple proportions- dalton (matter comes in packages and always they react in whole numbers and these packages are called atoms)
36
Periodic table
```
Main group s and p
Others d and f
Groups:
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Transition metals
Post transition metals ( like stairs)
Metalloids
Other non metals ( inverted stairs)
Halogens
Noble gases
```
37
Metallic bond properties
```
Sharing of electrons thorough sea of electrons
Good electric conductor also thermal
Once polished they're shiny
Whitish or grayish
Hard and resistant
Ductility and malleability
Positive valence
Form oxides with oxygen also salts metal lattice!!!
```
38
Periodic table trends
Atomically radius
From positive to negative and from negative to positive
Ionization energy and lectronegativiity
Inverse to atomic radius
39
Ion
Atom with a charge
40
Crystal lattice
Metallic element
1. Turn into gas(endothermic)
2. Remove electrons to forms ions ( endothermic)
Non metallic element
1. Gas then atoms ( endothermic)
2. Add electrons to form ions( Exothermic)
41
Poly atomic ion
Hypo- ite
Ite
Ate
Per- ate
42
Covalent bond
sharing electrons through molecular orbitals
And you get bond lenght and bond energy from getting covalent bonds. The less energy there is the more stable
Less bond lenght the more energy because they would be more stable.
43
VSEPR
Valence shell electron pair repultion
44
Linear
bonding regions: 0 or 2
| Lone pairs: 0
45
Trigonal planar(no 3d)
Bonding regions: 3
| Lone pairs:0
46
Bent planar
Bonding regions: 2
| Lone pairs:1
47
Trigonal pyramidal
Bonding regions:3
| Lone pairs:1
48
Bent pyramidal
Bonding regions:2
| Lone pairs:2
49
Tetrahedral
Bonding regions:4
| Lone pairs:0
50
Trigonal by-pyramidal
Bonding regions:5
| Lone pairs:0
51
Octahedral
Bonding regions:6
| Lone pairs:0
52
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND BOILING POINT.
The melting point is affected in the covalent bond by being polar and nonpolar because of electronegativity and atraction, they are weak forces between molecules when they interact.
Types: Ion-dipole (strong)
Dipole-Dipole (permanent?)(normal)
Hydrogen bond, hydrogen and something very electronegative (super strong)
London/Dispersion, disbalance of electrons (weak)
53
Hydrocarbon classification
```
They're compounds made from just carbon and hudrogen
SATURATED: alkanes, C n H 2n+2
NON-SATURATED: alkenes, C n H 2n
Alkynes, C n H 2n-2
Aomatic, has benzene it's a hexagon
```
54
Hybridization
why carbon when it's supposed to from two bonds makes four
SIngle bond: sp3, makes four sp3 and no p
Doible bond: sp2, makes three sp2 and one p
Triple bond: makes two sp and two p
55
Isomers
They have the same structures but they have different structures.
56
Hydrocarbon Nomenclature
```
1-Meth
2-Eth
3-Prop
4-But
5-Pent
```
1. Find longest chain of carbons "main chain"
2. Number main chain with the one that is closest to a complex ramification
3. Find and group together rammifications, declare carbon to which they're attached and name them with yl.
4. Name the main chain
57
Thiol (Functional group)
Sulfur instead of oxygen in OH
58
Ether (Functional group)
Oxygen is bonded to two carbons
59
Sulfide (Functional group)
Instead of oxygen like in ether, a sulfur atom
60
Amines (Functional group)
Nitrogen in the center
61
Phosphate and phosphate ester(Functional group)
P in the center and oxygens all around
| Phosphates linked to carbons and they can be abreviated by p
62
Ketone (Functional group)
carbonyl bonded to two other carbons
63
Aldehyde (Functional group)
carbonyl bonded to one carbon and one hydrogen
64
Imine (Functional group)
carbon-nitrogen double bonds
65
Carboxylix acid (Functional group)
carbonyl bonded to alcohol and hydrogen, derivates can be O, N, S or halogens instead of H
66
Amide (Functional group)
Carbonyl-Nitrogen and N to C or H or both
67
Ester (Functional group)
carbonyl to oxygen that is bonded to other carbon
68
Thioester (Functional group)
similar to ester but instead of O, you have S
69
Acyl phosphate (Functional group)
carbonyl bonded to an oxygen of a phosphate
70
Acid chloride (Functional group)
carbonyl to chlorine
71
Nitrite [Cyano[ (Functional group)
Carbon triple bonded to oxygen
72
Metals and nonmetals in Mexico
```
METALS: Gold-Sonora
Silver-Zacatecas
Lead-Zacatecas
Copper-Sonora
Zinc-Zacatecas
NONMETALS: Sulfur-Tabasco
Fluorine- Coahuila
Carbon-Coahuila
Phosphorus-Baja California Sur
```
73
Energy sources
FOSSIL FUEL:Animal and plant remains and can do thermal energy, Fast energy and raw material but it is nonrenewable and releases greenhouse gases.
SOLAR: Technology to harness the sun's energy, it doesnt pollute and sun is free but installation is expensive and weather conditions are omportant to function.
HYDROGEN: Decompose water and compose it again, no pollution and renewable but expensive and highly flammable
BIOMASS: Burning up organic material, abundant and cheao but harmful to enviroment and consumes more fuel
GEOTHERMAL: Thermal energy from the earth's core, sustainable and renewable but not easy to maintain and big scale pression.
EOLIC: wind movement and temperature that can be converted to mechanical power, wind is free and no greehouse gases but noisy and expensive set up.
NUCLEAR: spliting uranium atoms, lower greenhouse gases and renewable but risks and accidents and high costs.
TIDAL:Form of hydropower, most eficient and predictable but high cost for constructuin and 10 hours a day.
74
Strategies for responsible use of matter (enviroment)
Restorative; reusing and making things for more good using
Reductive: Reduces input(new process)
Preventive: Use less before it's too late (new material)
