Chemistry Revision Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Reactants
A
substances present at the beginning of a chemical reaction
2
Q
Products
A
substances created by the chemical reaction
3
Q
Valency
A
the number of bonds an element has
4
Q
Democritus
A
400 BC
claimed everything was made up of invisible atoms that were tiny spheres
5
Q
John Dalton
A
1803 AD
agreed with Democritus that atoms were tiny spheres and could not be divided into anything smaller, suggested different elements were different sizes
6
Q
JJ Thompson
A
1904 AD
claimed atoms were made up of positive energy with negative energy scattered throughout like raisins in a plum pudding
7
Q
Ernest Rutherford
A
1911 AD
claimed that there was a positive charge in the nucleus and that electrons were on the outside, not scattered randomly, used his model in the gold foil experiment
8
Q
Bohr
A
1912
claimed positive charge was concentrated in the nucleus, claimed electrons were in fixed positions on energy shells
9
Q
James Chadwick
A
1932
was developed after the neutron was discovered
10
Q
Atomic Number
A
number of protons, same as number of protons, can be taken away from the atomic mass to get the number of neutrons
11
Q
Relative Atomic Mass
A
average mass of all isotopes that exist, can have the atomic number taken away to get the number of neutrons
12
Q
Abundance
A
amount
13
Q
Relative Atomic Mass
A
% of isotope 1 * mass/100 + % of isotope 2 * mass/100
14
Q
Oxidation
A
the process by which something gains oxygen
15
Q
Oxidised
A
something that has gained oxygen through oxidation
16
Q
Reduction
A
removal of oxygen, antonym of oxidation
17
Q
Variable
A
something in a reaction that can be changed
18
Q
Independent Variable
A
the variable you change
19
Q
Dependent Variable
A
the variable you measure
20
Q
Control Variable
A
the variable that stays the same
21
Q
Quantitative Data
A
data that includes numbers, e.g. temperature, volume or mass
22
Q
Qualitative Data
A
data you can see, but not measure, such as whether or not there are bubbles
23
Q
Chromatography
A
separates substances made up of a mixture of differently coloured components
24
Q
Rf Value
A
distance moved by colour/distance moved by water
25
Non-Metals
have negative ions and gain electrons
26
Metals
have positive ions and lose electrons
27
Base
a substance that neutralises an acid and is insoluble
28
Alkali
a soluble substance that neutralises an acid
29
Acid Concentration
how many particles of acid in one decimetre cubed, measured in mol/dm^3
30
Acid Strength
how ionised the acid is
31
Metabolism
the sum of all the reactions in the body
32
Mean Rate of Reaction
quantity of reactant used/time or quantity of product formed/time
33
Collision Theory
explains why rate of reaction changes, states that particles must collide before a reaction takes place and if there is a collision, it might take place, but not all collisions lead to reactions because they need energy in order to react, and reactants must have the activation energy in order to react
34
Activation Energy
the minimum amount of energy needed to a reaction to happen
35
Concentration/Pressure
increases the particles per unit volume which causes more frequent collisions
36
Catalyst
speeds up a reaction without being used in the reaction itself, lowers the activation energy, causing a higher proportion of successful collisions
37
Heat Energy
mass x 4.2 x change in temperature
38
Electrode
something that conducts electricity
39
Efficiency
how much something can produce compared to the theoretical output
40
Flammable
something that can burn
41
Renewable
something that can be used repeatedly and won't run out
42
Combustion
when a fuel reacts with oxygen
43
Structure
what things look like when joined together
44
Bonding
how particles join up
45
Ionic Bonding
how metals and non-metals join
46
Covalent Bonding
how non-metals join
47
Metallic Bonding
how metals join
48
Dot-and-Cross Diagrams
a simplified diagram to explain ionic bonding using dots and crosses for electrons
49
Immiscible
does not mix with
50
Intermolecular
between molecules
51
Graphene
a single thickness of carbon atoms
52
Carbon Nanotube
a tube of graphene
53
Fullerene
a generic name for molecules made of carbon, such as buckminsterfullerene
54
Alltropes
structurally different forms of the same element
55
Bonding
what holds particles together
56
Structure
the organisation of particles
57
Electrostatic
the overall word for positive and negative attraction
58
Electron Configuration
how electrons are laid out on energy levels or shells
59
Monatomic
atoms that exist as individual atoms and do not form chemical bonds with each other or other elements
60
Diatomic
atoms that exist in pairs
61
Triatomic
atoms that exist in groups of three
62
Tetratomic
atoms that exist in groups of four
63
Cations
positive ions
64
Anions
negative ions
65
Anode
positive electrode, attracts anions
66
Cathode
negative electrode, attracts cations
67
Electrolyte
a liquid with free moving electrons that conducts electricity
68
Electrode
a conductor through which electricity enters or leaves something
69
Electrolysis
when an electric current flows through a liquid and creates chemical changes
70
Spectator Ion
an ion unaffected by electrolysis
71
Brine
a solution of salt in industry
72
Spectator Ion
an ion unaffected by electrolysis
73
Silicon Dioxide
sand
74
Pangaea
the original supercontinent which broke up into the tectonic plates
75
Acid Clouds
soluble clouds containing sulphur, which fall as acid rain
76
Sulphuric Acid
a weak acid (H2SO4)
77
Acid Rain
rain containing sulphuric acid which lowers the pH of lakes, rivers and soils around the globe
78
Acidosis
a disease where an organism's pH goes too low
79
Alkadosis
a disease where an organism's pH goes too high
80
Paraffin Wax
C20H42
81
Micron
millionth of a metre
82
Decimetre
one tenth of a metre
83
The Avogadro number
6.02x10^23
the amount of particles in 1g of hydrogen
84
Methane
a hydrocarbon with one carbon
85
Ethane
a hydrocarbon with two carbons
86
Propane
a hydrocarbon with three carbons
87
Butane
a hydrocarbon with four carbons
88
Pentane
a hydrocarbon with five carbons
89
Sextane
a hydrocarbon with six carbons
90
Heptanes
a hydrocarbon with seven carbons
91
Octane
a hydrocarbon with eight carbons
92
Nonane
a hydrocarbon with nine carbons
93
Decane
a hydrocarbon with ten carbons
94
Organic Chemistry
the chemistry of carbon-containing compounds
95
Alkane
compounds made from the simplest hydrocarbons
96
Homologous Series
the sequence of hydrocarbons
97
Fractional Distillation
holes in sedimentary rock where crude oil is formed
98
Crude oil
a substance formed in rock that can be separated out into naphtha, diesel, petrol and bitumen
99
Fractional Distillation
allows separation of substances
100
Pores
holes in sedimentary rock where crude oil is formed
101
Carbohydrates
oxygenated hydrocarbons
102
Oil Refinery
where fractional distillation happens and crude oil is separated out into molecules of similar sizes
103
Bubble Trap
parts of the fractional tower that slows down molecules
104
Alkenes
hydrocarbons containing double bonds
105
Complete Combustion
combustion that only produces carbon dioxide and water
106
Incomplete Combustion
combustion where there is not enough oxygen, producing carbon monoxide
107
Ethene
the simplest alkene, C2H4
108
Volatility
tendency a substance has to turn into a gas
109
Viscosity
how easily a substance a substance flows
110
Saturated Hydrocarbons
a hydrocarbon containing only single bonds
111
General Equation
algebraic equation to explain a trend
112
Cracking
reaction used in the oil industry to break down large hydrocarbons into smaller more useful ones
113
Thermal Decomposition
the breakdown of a compound by heating it
114
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
a hydrocarbon whose molecules contain at least one double bond
115
Dodecane
a hydrocarbon with 12 carbon atoms
116
Saturated
a molecule with only single bonds
117
Unsaturated
a molecule with double bonds
118
Suckback
when air is sucked back into a test tube
119
Pentacosane
alkane with 25 carbons
120
Potassium Chloride
KCl, used in fertilisers
121
Sodium Nitrate
NaNO3, used for preserving sausages and ham
122
Table Salt
calcium chloride, CaCl2
123
Ammonium Nitrate
NH3NO3, used in fertilisers, does not contain a metal
124
Copper Sulphate
CuSO4, used in pesticides
125
Mercury Chloride
HgCl, used in pesticides
126
Plaster of Paris
Calcium Sulphate, CaSO4
127
Barium Sulphate
BaSO4, taken by patients before x-rays
128
Sodium Chloride
NaCl, used for preserving sausages and ham and flavouring food
129
Sodium Fluoride
NaF, used in toothpaste
130
Saltpetre
KNO4
131
Calcium Sulphate
CaSO4, used in plaster casts
132
Potassium Nitrate
KNO4, used in fireworks
133
Sodium Chloride
Na2O
134
Iron Chloride
FeCl3
135
Calcium Nitrate
Ca(NO3)2
136
Calcium Phosphate
Ca3(PO4)2
137
Acid + metal
salt + hydrogen
138
Acid + metal oxide
salt + water
139
Acid + metal hydroxide
salt + water
140
Acid + metal carbonate
salt + water + carbon dioxide
141
Magnesium Chloride
MgCl2
142
Magnesium Nitrate
Mg(NO3)2
143
Magnesium Sulphate
MgSO4
144
Sodium Sulphate
Na2SO4
145
Calcium Chloride
CaCl2
146
Copper Chloride
CuCl2
147
Copper Phosphate
Cu3PO4
148
Lithium Sulphate
Li2SO4
149
Sodium Phosphate
Na3PO4
150
Sodium Sulphate
Na2SO4
151
Zinc Chloride
ZnCl2
152
Zinc Nitrate
Zn(NO3)2
153
Aqueous
dissolved in water
154
Parallelopiped Crystals
crystals in the shape of six-sided parallelograms
155
pH
power of hydrogen
156
Ammonia
NH4NO3
157
Carbonic Acid
H2CO3
158
Hydrogen Peroxide
H2O2, forms a liquid at room temperature
159
Endothermic Reaction
reactions that cause a decrease in temperature, take energy in, and form bonds
160
Exothermic Reaction
reactions that cause an increase in temperature, release energy, and break bonds
161
Sulphuric Acid
a weak acid, H2SO4
162
Calorimetry
the science of measuring changes in state variables through heat transfer
163
Inert
unreactive
164
Helium
used to fill balloons and air ships as it is lighter than air
165
Neon
used for signs and lights
166
Argon
used to fill light bulbs as it doesn't react with the Tungsten filament
167
Krypton
used to fill double glazing as it is a good insulator
168
Xenon
used for lasers, car headlights and anaesthetic
169
Radon
used in radiotherapy to cure cancer
170
Halogens
groups of seven toxic non-metals elements that have coloured vapours, with low melting and boiling points and are poor conductors
171
Fluorine
gas at room temperature, used to prevent tooth decay, processes nuclear fuel
172
Chlorine
gas at room temperature, used to make disinfectants and antiseptics
173
Bromine
liquid at room temperature, used in leaded petrol, medicines and photography
174
Iodine
solid at room temperature, used in animal food supplements
175
Astatine
solid at room temperature
176
Extrapolate
extending a curve on a graph
177
Alkali Metals
group of metals on the left hand side
178
Water
H2O
179
Cyclohexane
C6H12, used for dissolving halogens
180
Electrochemistry
chemistry of electrolysis
181
Monomer
small molecules that join together to form chains to make polymers
182
Polymer
molecules made out of long chains of hundreds of monomers, eg DNA, proteins
183
Repeating Unit
the bit of the polymer that repeats, which is different from the monomers as it breaks their double bond
184
Plastics
synthetic polymers shaped by heat or pressure
185
Natural Polymers
naturally-occurring polymers
186
Synthetic Polymers
manmade polymers
187
Polymerisation
the process by which polymers form
188
Styrene
a hydrocarbon with abnormal structure
189
Polystyrene
polymer made of sytrene
190
Polyethene
polymer made of ethene
191
Polypropene
polymer made of propene
192
Vinyl Chloride
H2C=CHCl
193
Polyvinylchloride
PCV, polymer made of multiple vinyl chloride monomers
194
Ester
monomers that join together to make polyester
195
Polyester
polymer made of multiple ester molecules
196
Anhydrous
without hydrogen
