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Grade 10 Science > Chemistry Unit 1 > Flashcards

Chemistry Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Matter

A

anything that takes up space and mass

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2
Q

Define:Mixed substance or Mixture

A

made up of components not found on the periodic table i.e. a mixture

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3
Q

Define: Heterogeneous Micture

A

a mix f substances that have 2 or more phases (appears as more than one thing)

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4
Q

Define: Homogeneous Mixture

A

a mix of substances that have one phase and therefore it looks uniorm

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5
Q

Define: Pure Substance

A

made up of only type of atom found on the periodic table. It contains 1 phase and is homogeneous

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6
Q

Define: Element

A

only one particle that cannot be broken down any further and is straight off the periodic table

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7
Q

Define: Compound Molecule

A

contains two or more elements that move as a single unit

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8
Q

Define: Atom

A

the smallest particle of matter

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9
Q

Define:Atomic Theory

A

a theory describing the structure, behavior and other properties of an atom and it components/parts

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10
Q

Define: Proton

A

a subatomic particle that has a charge of +1, a mass of 1 amu and is found in the nucleus

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11
Q

Define:Neutron

A

a subatomic particle that has a neutral charge, has a mass of 1 amu and is found in the nucleus

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12
Q

Define: Electron

A

a subatomic particle that has a charge of -1, has a mass of approx. 0 amu and is found orbitting the nucleus in shells

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13
Q

Define:Nucleus

A

the very dense center of an atom which contains the protons and the neutrons of the atom.

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14
Q

Define:Shells

A

The rings around the nucleus where electrons orbit the nucleus and can be exchanged or shared among atoms

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15
Q

Define:Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

A

a diagram created to show the atom with its nucleus and all its electrons on their shells

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16
Q

Define: Valence Electrons

A

the electrons on the outermost shell. They are the extra or lacking atoms sitting on the outer shell.

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17
Q

Define: Valence Shell

A

the outermost shell in an atom containing electrons

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18
Q

Define: Periodic Table

A

a way of organizing all the elements in a realistic way where they can be organized by re-activity, state and mass

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19
Q

Define: Period

A

the horizontal rows on a periodic table

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20
Q

Define: Group / Family

A

the vertical columns in the periodic table. Elements of the same group have the same number of valence electrons

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21
Q

Define:Metal

A

conduct electricity well. These include all elements to the left of the “staircase” excluding hydrogen

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22
Q

Define: Non-metal

A

do not conduct electricity well and act as insulators. These include all elements to the right of the staircase plus hydrogen

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23
Q

Define: Metalloid/Semi-Metal

A

have properties of both metals and non-metals. They are the elements that make up the staircase

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24
Q

Define: Alkali Metal

A

are highly reactive because the atom is unstable. They have 1 valence electron so they lose one electron and have an overall charge of +1

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25
Define: Alkaline Earth Metals
are reactive because they have 2 valence electrons so they lose 2 electrons to have an overall charge of +2
26
Define: Halogen
highly reactive non-metals because they have 7 valence electrons therefore they only need to gain one electron so they will gain 1 electron to have a charge of -1
27
Define: Noble Gas
gases that are very unreactive because they already have a full shell therefore cannot gain or lose electrons
28
Define: Atomic Number
is the number of protons or electrons
29
Define: Atomic Mass or Mass Number
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
30
Define: Ion
an atom that has gotten an electric charge from gaining or losing electrons
31
Define: Anion
an ion that has gained electrons to have a negative charge (since all atoms start with a neutral charge)
32
Define: Cation
an ion that has lots electrons t have an overall positive charge
33
Define: Chemical Property
are those observed when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction.
34
Define: Physical Property
are those that can be observed without chemically changing a substance. Ex. state, melting point, solubility, colour, odour, texture, etc.
35
Define: Reactant
the elements and/or compounds that go into a chemical reaction
36
Define: Product
the compounds/elements that are created by a chemical reaction
37
Define: Chemical Equation
a representation of a chemical reaction by showing the reactants by their symbol and the products
38
Define: Word Equation
a chemical reaction expressed in words rather than elemental symbols
39
Define: Skeleton Equation
an equation that identifies the reactants and products but does not quantify them
40
Define: Balanced Chemical Equation
an equation that identifies the reactants and products and also quantifies them so the number of atoms on both sides is equal
41
Define: Law of Conservation of Mass
states that mass can not be created or destroyed so what goes into a chemical reaction must also come out of it as a product
42
Define: Ionic Compound
a bond between a metal and a non metal where electrons are exchange so each ion has a full outer shell. They are held together because they have attracting (opposite) electrostatic charges
43
Define: Multivalent Element
a metal element that can create more than 1 ion. Ex. iron can become Fe +2 or Fe+3
44
Define: Polyatomic Ion
compounds of elements that act and work as a single unit. They consist of more than 2 elements, have no "ide" endings and are mainly negative
45
Define: Covalent Compound
a bond between 2 non-metals where the electrons are shared between the atoms. They are held together by the shared electrons.
46
Define: Diatomic Molecule
non-metal elements that naturally exist in pairs ex. H2
47
Define: pH Scale
The scale that acids and bases are measured on. if a substance has a pH of less than 7 it is acidic, if the pH is 7 then it is neutral and if the pH is more than 7 it is basic
48
Define: Neutral
is the value of 7 on the pH scale
49
Define: Acid
has a value of less than 7 on the pH scale. This means that the substance has a sour taste, turns blue litmus paper red and contains hydrogen
50
Define: Base
a substance with a pH of more than 7 on the pH scale when the substance is in an aqueous solution
51
Define: Acid-Base Indicator
it is usually a strip of paper that changes colour when an acid or base is present
52
Define: Precipitate
an insoluble solid that forms from a liquid solution
53
Define: Synthesis Reaction
a reaction in which 2 elements combine to forma compound. Ex. element+element=compound
54
Define: Decomposition Reaction
a reaction in which a compound breaks up to become separate atoms. Ex. Compound=element+element
55
Define: Combustion Reaction
a reaction in which a fuel rapidly combines with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide+water (or carbon monoxide+water if it is an incomplete combustion)
56
Define: Single Displacement Reaction
a reaction in which an element reacts with an ionic compound where the element replaces one part of the compound and leaves an element by itself. Ex. A+BC=AB+C
57
Double Displacement Reaction
a chemical reaction in which the positive or negative ions in 2 ionic compounds switch places. Ex. AB+CD=CB+AD
58
Define: Neutralization
a reaction between an acid and a base to produce a salt (ionic compound) and water. This balances the pH level and brings it closer to 7.
59
What are the steps to writing the formula from the name of a Ionic Compound?
1. look at the charges of both elements 2. write down the metal ion's symbol, then the non-metal 3. apply the cross over rule and reduce if possible
60
What are the steps to writing the name from the formula of an Ionic Compound?
1. write the name of the metal 2. write the name of the non-metal 3. change the ending of the non-metal to "ide" * If there is a polyatomic ion instead of a non-metal, the ending does not change to "ide."*
61
What are the steps to write the name from the formula of a Multivalent Ionic Compound?
1. write the name of the metal 2. write the name of the negative ion (non-metal or polyatomic ion) 3. place Roman numerals for te correct charge between the elements (To find the Roman Numeral: 1. find the et charge of the non-metal 2. divide the net charge by the num,ber of multivalent atoms 3. place the result in roman numerals)
62
What are the steps to write the formula from the name for Multivalen Ionic Compounds?
1. find charges for both parts (roman numerals are teh charge for the metal) 2. write both symbols 3. apply cross over rule and reduce
63
What are the steps to write the name from the formula of a Covalent Compound?
1. write the first element (if there are more than 1 of that atom, put the correct prefix) 2. write the second element with the correct prefix
64
What are the steps to write the formula from the name of a Covalent Compound?
1. write the symbol for the first element (if there us a prefix write out the correct number) 2. write the symbol for the second element with the right number from the prefix
65
What are the prefixes used in Covalent Compounds?
``` 1- mono 2- di 3- tri 4- tetra 5- penta 6- hexa 7- hepta 8- octa 9- non 10- deca ```
66
What are the things to remember when writing chemical equations?
- remember diatomic elements if they are by themselves - you can't change subscripts- only add numbers infront of elements - always keep states at the end of each compound and balanced equations
67
What are the properties of Acids?
- taste sour - don't feel slippery - pH less than 7 - blue litmus paper turns red - releases Hydrogen atoms in aqueous solution - corrodes metals - reacts with metals to produce a compound plus hydrogen gas - their chemical equation starts with hydrogen or ends with COOH
68
What properties do both acids and bases share?
- both dissolve in water - both conduct electricity - both burn and irritate your skin
69
What are the properties of Bases?
- taste bitter - Feel slippery - pH greater than 7 - red litmus paper turns blue - release hydroxide ions in aqueous solution - do not corrode metals - do not react with metals to produce a compound and hydrogen gas - their chemical equation starts with a metal ion or ammonium and ends with hydroxide (OH)
70
What is Neutralization and when does it occur?
- occurs when an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water - it balances the pH and moves it closer to 7
71
What are the steps to name acids?
1. start with "hydro" (since it always starts with hydrogen) 2. add non-metal and change ending to "ic" 3. add the word "acid" after

Grade 10 Science (5 decks)

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