Chemistry Unit

Question 1

what is matter composed of

Answer 1

atoms

Question 2

what are atoms composed of

Answer 2

protons, neutrons, electrons

Question 3

what are isotopes

Answer 3

elements that have multiple variations

Question 4

in biology, what 4 types of bonds should you know

Answer 4

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der waals bonds

Question 5

what is diffusion

Answer 5

the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient

Question 6

what does it mean if a membrane is permeable

Answer 6

it allows many molecules through

Question 7

what does it mean if a membrane is semi-permeable

Answer 7

it allows some molecules through

Question 8

what does it mean if a membrane is selectively permeable

Answer 8

it allows certain types of molecules through

Question 9

what is osmosis

Answer 9

a specific type of diffusion where water moves across a membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration

Question 10

what is tonicity

Answer 10

the osmotic pressure gradient(it describes it)

Question 11

a side is hypotonic when:

Answer 11

the solution has a lower solute concentration than the other side

Question 12

a side is hypertonic when:

Answer 12

the solution has a higher solute concentration than the other side

Question 13

it is isotonic when:

Answer 13

both sides have an equal solute concentration

Question 14

what does it mean when water is cohesive

Answer 14

it is attracted to itself

Question 15

what does it mean when water is adhesive

Answer 15

it is attracted to other molecules

Question 16

what is a buffer

Answer 16

an aqueous solution containing a weak acid and its conjugate base

Question 17

what are the 4 main classes of molecules in biology

Answer 17

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Question 18

what is a monomer

Answer 18

the smallest possible version of the 4 main classes of molecules

Question 19

what is a polymer

Answer 19

a combination of 2 or more monomers

Question 20

how are monomers bonded together

Answer 20

through dehydration synthesis

Question 21

what is hydrolysis

Answer 21

the breakdown of a molecule with water

Question 22

what is the general formula for carbohydrates(aka saccharides)

Answer 22

CH2O

Question 23

what is a monosaccharide

Answer 23

a singular saccharide(carbohydrate)

Question 24

what are oligosaccharides

Answer 24

groups of 3 or more saccharides

Question 25

what are polysaccharides

Answer 25

large groups of saccharides

Question 26

what are the 3 common monosaccharides

Answer 26

glucose, fructose and galactose

Question 27

what are the 3 common disaccharides

Answer 27

sucrose(glucose + fructose), lactose(glucose + galactose), maltose(glucose + glucose)

Question 28

what is starch

Answer 28

thousands of glucose molecules

Question 29

what is glycogen

Answer 29

multiple glucose molecules

Question 30

major types of lipids

Answer 30

neutral fats and oils, phospholipids, waxes and steroids

Question 31

fatty acids can either be saturated or unsaturated. what is the main characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

Answer 31

they have no double bonds in their chain

Question 32

fatty acids can either be saturated or unsaturated. what is the main characteristic of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 32

they have double bonds between some carbons

Question 33

what are proteins composed of

Answer 33

amino acids(these are the monomers that make up proteins)

Question 34

what are peptides

Answer 34

chains of amino acids

Question 35

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 35

DNA and RNA

Question 36

what are nucleic acids composed of

Answer 36

nucleotides(these are the monomers)

Question 37

what are nucleotides composed of

Answer 37

a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Question 38

what are the purines

Answer 38

guanine and adenine

Question 39

what are the pyrimidines

Answer 39

cytosine thymine and uracil

Question 40

instead of thymine, what does RNA have?

Answer 40

uracil

Question 41

instead of uracil, what does DNA have?

Answer 41

thymine