Chemotherapeutic Agents ulit

Question 1

These drugs affect cells by altering cellular function or disrupting cellular integrity, causing cell death, or by preventing cellular reproduction, eventually leading to cell death

Answer 1

Chemotherapeutic drugs

Question 2

are used to destroy both organisms that invade the body (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites, protozoa, fungi) and abnormal cells within the body (e.g., neoplasms, cancers).

Answer 2

Chemotherapeutic drugs

Question 3

basic structural unit of the body

Answer 3

cell

Question 4

Each cell has a __________, a _____________, and ___________, which contains a variety of organelles

Answer 4

nucleus; cell membrane; cytoplasm

Question 5

contains all genetic material necessary for cell reproduction and for the regulation of cellular production of proteins

Answer 5

nucleus

Question 6

nucleus contains a spherical mass called

Answer 6

nucleolus

Question 7

sites of protein synthesis

Answer 7

ribosomes

Question 8

Within this mass (nucleolus) are dense fibers and proteins that will eventually become

Answer 8

ribosomes

Question 9

essential for cellular integrity and is equipped with many mechanisms for maintaining cell homeostasis

Answer 9

cell membrane

Question 10

“power plants” within each cell that produce energy in the form of ATP,which allows the cell to function.

Answer 10

mitochondria

Question 11

membrane-covered organelles that contain specific digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

Answer 11

lysosomes

Question 12

are responsible for digesting worn or damaged sections of a cell when the membrane ruptures and the cell dies.

Answer 12

lysosomes

Question 13

designed to target foreign organisms that have invaded and infected the body.

Answer 13

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS

Question 14

active against the infective microorganisms that they actually cause the death of the cells they affect

Answer 14

Bactericidal

Question 15

not as aggressive; they interfere with the ability of the cells to reproduce or divide.

Answer 15

Bacteriostatic

Question 16

a complex interaction among chemical mediators, leukocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies, and locally released enzymes and chemicals.

Answer 16

HUMAN IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 17

Anti-infective drugs cannot totally eliminate the pathogen without causing ______________ in the host

Answer 17

severe toxicity

Question 18

interfere with biosynthesis of the pathogen cell wall

Answer 18

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS

Question 19

interfere with the steps involved in protein and DNA synthesis, functions necessary to maintain the cell and allow for cell division

Answer 19

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS

Question 20

alter the permeability of the cell membrane to allow essential cellular components to leak out

Answer 20

ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS

Question 21

refers to the ability over time to adapt to an anti-infective drug and produce cells that are no longer affected by a particular drug.

Answer 21

resistance

Question 22

synergistic, which means that they are more powerful when given in combination

Answer 22

Combination Therapy

Question 23

to prevent infections before they occur

Answer 23

Prophylaxis

Question 24

Inhibit protein synthesis

Answer 24

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Question 25

used to treat serious infections caused by susceptible strains of gram negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, Proteus species, the Klebsiella–Enterobacter– Serratia group, Citrobacter species, and Staphylococcus.

Answer 25

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Question 26

AMINOGLYCOSIDES

Answer 26

amikacin gentamycin kanamycin neomycin streptomycin tobramycin

Question 27

AMINOGLYCOSIDES CONTRAINDICATIONS/ CAUTIONS:

Answer 27

Allergy Hepatic disease Renal disease Preexisting Hear loss Herpes/ Mycobacterial Infection myasthenia gravis or parkinsonism Lactation

Question 28

AMINOGLYCOSIDES ADVERSE EFFECTS

Answer 28

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

Question 29

CARBAPENEMS

Answer 29

doripenem ertapemen imipenem-cilastatin meropenem

Question 30

are a relatively new class of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Answer 30

CARBAPENEMS

Question 31

used to treat serious infections caused by susceptible strains of S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus infl uenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, E. coli and others

Answer 31

CARBAPENEMS

Question 32

indicated for treating serious intra-abdominal, urinary tract, skin and skin structure, bone and joint, and gynecological infect

Answer 32

CARBAPENEMS

Question 33

CARBAPENEMS NURSING IMPLEMENTATION: Monitor the patient regularly for signs of:

Answer 33

pseudomembranous colitis severe diarrhea, superinfections confusion and seizures phlebitis

Question 34

basically interfere with the cell wall–building ability of bacteria when they divide.

Answer 34

CEPHALOSPORINS

Question 35

are largely effective against the same gram-positive bacteria that are affected by penicillin G, as well as the gram-negative bacteria P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae

Answer 35

First-generation cephalosporins

Question 36

are largely effective against the same gram-positive bacteria that are affected by penicillin G, as well as the gram-negative bacteria P. mirabilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae

Answer 36

Second-generation cephalosporins

Question 37

which are effeCtive against all of the previously mentioned strains relatively weak against gram-positive bacteria but are more potent against the gram-negative bacilli, as well as against Serratia marcescens

Answer 37

Third-generation cephalosporins

Question 38

are in development

Answer 38

Fourth-generation cephalosporins

Question 39

is active against gram-negative and gram-positive organ isms, including cephalosporin-resistant staphylococci and P. aeruginosa

Answer 39

cefepime

Question 40

First-generation cephalosporins

Answer 40

cefadroxil cefazolin cephalexin

Question 41

Second-generation cephalosporins

Answer 41

cefaclor cefoxitin cefprozil cefuroxime

Question 42

Third-generation cephalosporins

Answer 42

cefdinir cefotaxime cefpodoxime ceftazidime ceftibuten ceftizoxime ceftriaxone

Question 43

Fourth-generation cephalosporins

Answer 43

cefditoren cefepime ceftraoline

Question 44

CEPHALOSPORINS ADVERSE EFFECTS:

Answer 44

GI tract CNS symptoms Nephrotoxicity Hepatotoxicity Superinfection

Question 45

They interfere with the action of DNA enzymes necessary for the growth and reproduction of the bacteria

Answer 45

FLUOROQUINOLONES

Question 46

FLUOROQUINOLONES

Answer 46

ciprofloxacin gemifloxacin levofloxacin mixofloxacin norfloxacin ofloxacin

Question 47

FLUOROQUINOLONES ADVERSE EFFECTS: Box Warning was added to all drugs in this class in 2009 reporting the risk of

Answer 47

tendinitis and tendon rupture.

Question 48

bactericidal effects by interfering with the ability of susceptible bacteria to build their cell walls when they are dividing.

Answer 48

PENICILLINS

Question 49

drugs prevent from biosynthesizing the framework of the cell wall, and the bacteria with weakened cell walls swell and then burst from osmotic pressure within the cell.

Answer 49

PENICILLINS

Question 50

indicated for the treatment of streptococcal infections, including pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and others.

Answer 50

PENICILLINS

Question 51

At high doses, these drugs are also used to treat meningococcal meningitis.

Answer 51

PENICILLINS

Question 52

PENICILLINS

Answer 52

Penicillin G Benzathine Penicillin G Potassium Penicillin G Procaine Penicillin V

Question 53

Extended Spectrum Penicillins

Answer 53

Amoxcillin Ampicillin

Question 54

Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics

Answer 54

Nafxillin Oxacillin

Question 55

work by inhibiting protein synthesis in a wide range of bacteria, leading to the inability of the bacteria to multiply.

Answer 55

TETRACYCLINES

Question 56

indicated for treatment of infections caused by Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Borrelia recurrentis, H. infl uenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Pasteurella pestis, ETC

Answer 56

TETRACYCLINES

Question 57

TETRACYCLINES ADVERSE EFFECTS: Skeletal effects involve damage to the _____________________

Answer 57

teeth and bones.

Question 58

the group of bacteria that contain the pathogens that cause tuberculosis and leprosy.

Answer 58

Mycobacteria

Question 59

PTB

Answer 59

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 60

LEPROSY OR HANSEN'S DISEASE

Answer 60

Mycobacterium leprae

Question 61

mycobacterium avium complex in AIDS

Answer 61

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

Question 62

ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS Treatment duration:

Answer 62

6 months to 2 years

Question 63

ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS First-line drugs :

Answer 63

isoniazid (Nydrazid) rifampin (Rifadin) pyrazinamide (generic) ethambutol (Myambutol) streptomycin (generic), rifapentine (Priftin)

Question 64

ANTITUBERCULOSIS DRUGS second-line drugs :

Answer 64

ethionamide (Trecator-SC), capreomycin (Capastat), cycloserine (Seromycin) rifabutin (Mycobutin).

Question 65

the mainstay of leprosy treatment

Answer 65

Dapsone

Question 66

inhibits folate synthesis

Answer 66

Dapsone

Question 67

used for treatment of P. carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients

Answer 67

Dapsone

Question 68

Inhibits the synthesis of mycolic acids and acts to kill actively growing organisms in the extracellular environment

Answer 68

Isoniazid

Question 69

Inhibits the growth of dormant organisms in the macrophages and caseating granulomas

Answer 69

Isoniazid

Question 70

Is active only during cell division and is used in combination with other antitubercular medications

Answer 70

Isoniazid

Question 71

Isoniazid Side and adverse effects:

Answer 71

Neurotoxicity Hepatotoxicity Pyridoxine deficiency

Question 72

Inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis

Answer 72

Rifampicin

Question 73

Binds to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and blocks RNA transcription

Answer 73

Rifampicin

Question 74

Rifampicin Side and adverse effects

Answer 74

Red-orange–colored body secretions

Question 75

Interferes with cell metabolism and multiplication by inhibiting 1 or more metabolites in susceptible organisms

Answer 75

Ethambutol

Question 76

Inhibits bacterial RNA synthesis and is active only during cell division

Answer 76

Ethambutol

Question 77

Slow-acting and must be used with other bac tericidal agents

Answer 77

Ethambutol