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Psychology > Child > Flashcards

Child Flashcards

1
Q

what is deprivation?

A

the loss of attachment that has been formed with a caregiver.

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2
Q

what is Privation?

A

extreme case of deprivation when an attachment is never formed, this can occur through neglect.

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3
Q

what was the aim of Bowlby’s theory ( 44 thieves)

A

to see if there was an association between delinquency and maternal deprivation

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4
Q

what were some procedure points of Bowlby’s study

A

he used 44 juvenile thieves and 44 of a control group.
he gathered data using interviews, case history and psych testing to try look for patterns in their backgrounds

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5
Q

what were the results of Bowlby’s study

A

Bowlby found that 14 of the thieves were classified as ‘affection less’, 17 had experienced maternal deprivation.
2/44 of the thieves seemed normal. the rest had abnormal characters

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6
Q

strengths of Bowlby’s study

A

used both qualitative and quantitative data using different methods- valid
with matched control group he was able to draw strong conclusions

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7
Q

weaknesses of Bowlby’s study

A

lacks generalisability ( also 70 years old)
only 17 had suffered deprivation.
bias

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8
Q

what are some main features of Bowlby’s theory

A
  • a child has an innate need to form an attachment to one person
    -broken attachment leads to delinquency
    -the strong first relationship should not be broken till at least 2 years
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9
Q

what does ASCMI stand for in Bowlby’s theory

A

Adaptive - more likely to survive
Social releases - baby face makes adults love
Critical period - birth to 2.5 years
Monotropy - form one specific bond
Internal working model - experiences influence how chid interacts

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10
Q

strengths of Bowlby’s theory

A

ATS - hospitals now allow parents to stay with infants
supporting study of 44 thieves

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11
Q

weaknesses of Bowlby’s theory

A

Bowlby uses both animal study and his own studies to support his work - not valid + bias
Bowlby suggests only one attachment is made when is is seen infants make many attachments

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12
Q

what are the three attachments types

A

Type A - insecure avoidant
Type B - securely attached
Type C - insecure resistant

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13
Q

what is type A attachment

A

Insecure avoidant - plays with strangers regardless, has no emotion to mothers absence and return

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14
Q

what is Type B attachment

A

secure attachment - indifferent to stranger is mothers presence. becomes upset when mother leaves and his happy when she returns

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15
Q

what is Type C attachment

A

Insecure resistant - stays close to mother rather than exploring, extreme distress when other leaves and on return wants comfort but rejects and shows aggression

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16
Q

what was the procedure of the SSP (Ainsworth 1955)

A

26 families
8 phases that lasted 3 mins each. these included mother sitting with infant with a display of toys.
stranger enters room and interacts with both mother and child.
mother leaves and mother returns.

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17
Q

results of Ainsworth’s study

A

70% of infants were securely attached and 15% each were Type A and C

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18
Q

strengths of Ainsworth’s study

A

reliable - standardised
has some task validity

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19
Q

weaknesses of Ainsworth’s study

A

lacks ecological validity
not generalisable as only US and 26 middle class white families

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20
Q

what did Grossman find out about German attachement

A

33% infants were securely attached. most were Type A at 49%

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21
Q

what did Ierzendoorn and Krookenberg find out about cultural difference

A

Japanese shows high levels insecure resistant due to the culture of mothers always having the infant on or around them (27.1%)

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22
Q

what are the short term effects of deprivation

A

Protest - child will refuse comfort from other adults
Despair - child will become withdrawn and star to self soothe
Detachment - child regains interest and accepts comfort from other adults

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23
Q

long term effects of deprivation

A

Bowlby’s study showed delinquency

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24
Q

Robertson and Robertson on deprivation

A

observed an infant named John who was left for 9 days at a hospital.
protested and cried then was shown to hug his teddy. when returned to his mother, John ignored her showing detachment

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25
Q

how to reduce negative effects of deprivation

A

short term affects can be resolved by return of the caregiver.
short term separation can be eased by replacement of attachment figure

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26
Q

Koluchova(72) Czech twins

A

identical boys after mothers death was placed in care of father and stepmother. stepmother regularly beat them and locked them in a dark cupboard.
twins found at 7 with rickets and appeared mentally retarded.

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27
Q

results of Czech twins

A

went to school for children with severe learning difficulties and overtime began to catch up with children their own age and went to normal School. at 20 they were in relationships and working.

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28
Q

strengths of the Czech twins

A

used various methods of gathering data, e.g iq testing and interviews.
study was longitudinal

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29
Q

weaknesses of the Czech twins

A

they had each other, so could attach to one another, may mean they were able to develop normally.

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30
Q

case of Genie

A

Genie’s father isolated Genie completely, had nothing but a potty and cot and cotton reels. her parents neglected her and she was regularly beaten for making sounds. she was discovered at 13 looking like a 6 yr old

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31
Q

results of Genie

A

sever physical and intellectual retardation. over time she developed some language but was severely delayed and she was not capable of forming full sentences.

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32
Q

weaknesses of Genie

A

she never recovered from her initial privation, questioning the reversibility privation.
no suggestion of development issues in infancy, unable to know if the lack of development was due to inherent problems or her experiences.

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32
Q

strengths of Genie

A

qualitative and quantitative analysis was used making data valid.
was a longitudinal study.

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32
Q

what is a daycare

A

day care is when a child is looked after by a child-minder or daycare provider throughout the day.

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33
Q

what was the aim of Andersons study in childcare

A

to track the development of 119 children up to their 8th birthday.

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34
Q

what was the realty of Andersons study

A

children had more friends and were more outgoing than those who were late entry.

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35
Q

what was the aim of NICHD study (childcare)

A

to look at the effect of childcare on children and on young people

36
Q

what was the procedure if NICHD study

A

longitude study involving 1200 us children looking at the impact on social, intelectual and language development

37
Q

what were the results of NICHD

A

children who attended high quality day care were better academically although they were more likely to have behavioural issues.

38
Q

what is the contemporary study in child psychology

A

Li et al

39
Q

what is the aim of Li et al

A

to see if high quality childcare during both the infant toddle and preschool periods would be associated with higher cognitive, language and pre academic performance.

40
Q

what is the procedure of Li et al

A

1364 Northern US families assessed at 6,15,24,36,54 months using ORCE
44 minute observations took place over 2 days.
teenage mothers, non fluent English speaking mothers and disabled children were excluded from the study.

41
Q

what were the results of Li et al

A

The quality of infant toddler care had no
significant effect on memory or language at 54 months old
higher quality infant-toddler care was associated with a higher quality cognitive score at 24 months old

42
Q

strengths of Li et al

A

ATS important to reduce in equality
various data collection methods, both qualitative and quantitative

43
Q

weaknesses of Li et al

A

no generalisable, study favoured white middle class US families.
oversimplified the catorgarisation of care, did not distinguish between different types of care

44
Q

what is the aim of our study

A

to compare the difference in the positive experience ratings of childcare of children ages 0-24 months and 25 months to 4 years, as reported by parents

45
Q

what was the sampling method of our study

A

volunteer

46
Q

what were some procedure points of our study

A

emailing questionnaires to parents in the Kingswood community.
5 closed questions using a likhert scale.

47
Q

what statistic test did we use for our stud and what was the result

A

chi squared and value observed was 22.5

48
Q

strengths of our study

A
  • reliable, well controlled procedure
  • study was ethical as we used right to withdraw
49
Q

weaknesses of our study

A
  • not generalisable as only used our school community
  • only used closed questions so not in depth
50
Q

how many people suffer with autism, and which gender is most likely to get it

A

1 in a 100, boys more likely to get in than girls

51
Q

when is autism typically diagnosed

A

18 months to 4 years.

52
Q

what are some signs of ASD

A

social and language development issues such as theory of mind and taking things literally.

53
Q

who came up with the biological explanation for Autism

A

Baron-Cohen

54
Q

what was Baron Cohens explanation for autism

A

the extreme male brain

55
Q

features of the extreme male brain theory

A
  • autistic people have a larger amygdala at an early stage with less activity
  • autistic people have a smaller corpus callosum
  • autistic people have a heavier brain
56
Q

strengths of the biological explanation for autism

A

-Kennedy et al case study of a dysfunctional amygdala lead patient to prefer space in social situations
- Baron Cohen found boys were better at systemising and preferring systematic toys.

57
Q

weaknesses of the biological explanation for autism

A

-falter et al did not find a link between finger length and autism

58
Q

what’s does PECS stand for

A

picture exchange communication system

59
Q

who came up with PECS

A

Bondy and Frost

60
Q

who did PECS help

A

people with limited or no vocal speech, to develop functional communication

61
Q

what is the procedure of PECS

A

stage 1 - physical exchange, learning to generalise objects to pictures using teachers
stage 2 - increasing independence by putting pictures in a binder
stage 3 - learning to discriminate by increasing the range of pictures
stage 4 - sentence structure by putting pictures into a sentence.
stage 5 - answering direct question such as what do u want
stage 6 - expanding questions to include social ones.

62
Q

strengths of PECS

A
  • evidence to show improvement in communication skills.
    -very accessible to children of all levels
    -relatively portable
63
Q

weaknesses of PECS

A
  • Flippin, no evidence that improvement was maintained
  • no evidence that it lead to spoken language
64
Q

what is the second explanation for autism

A

Baron-Cohen theory of mind

65
Q

what does theory of mind refer to

A

theory of mind refers to how children after the age of about 3 are able to understand that other people have different thoughts from the child.

66
Q

what is believed about autistic children and theory of mind

A

autistic children have an inability to read other’ intentions, which would explain social interaction

67
Q

what was the important test to suggest theory of mind

A

the sally and Anne test

68
Q

what did the sally and Anne test include

A

a child watches two dolls, where sally puts a marble in a box. this is then moved by Anne without sally knowing. the child is then asked where sally will look for her marble

69
Q

who were the Pp’s for the sally and Anne test

A

21 with autism
11 with Down syndrome
27 without Developmental issues.

70
Q

what were the findings of the sally and Anne test

A

only the children with autism failed

71
Q

strengths of theory of mind

A
  • Baron Cohen used different compare groups in sally and Anne
  • Hutchins found similar results when studying theory of mind
    -it explains social interactions
72
Q

weaknesses of theory of mind

A

Frith et al found that not all people with ASD fail the eye test.
does not explain other behaviours such as repetition.
not all people with autism failed the sally and Anne test

73
Q

what are the 6 BPS ethical guidelines

A
  • debrief
  • informed consent
  • right to withdraw
  • deception
  • confidentiality
  • protection
74
Q

what are the 4 principles of UNCRC

A
  • participation
  • protection
  • provision
  • privacy
75
Q

what extra guidelines where added for ethics to include children

A

a child is a person under the age of 18
CRC applies to any Child of any ethnicity
the top priority is the child’s best interest

76
Q

what is one therapy for helping children with autism

A

CBT

77
Q

what view does CBT take

A

That autism can be explained by cognitive factors

78
Q

what does CBT focus on

A

it focus’ on adaptive thoughts and schemas to in turn bring about change in behaviour

79
Q

how is CBT useful

A

is can be useful for children who suffer from anxiety as a symptom o f their autism

80
Q

how is CBT altered for ASD

A

ASD can have difficulty to recognise emotions, so there is greater emphasis on repetition and visual cues. for example, using a picture of a thermometer to allow a child to rate anxiety levels

81
Q

strengths of CBT

A

-Soronoff et al, children had less anxiety based on parents report.
-Wood, 78.5% improvement compared to 8.7% improvement by control group

82
Q

weaknesses of CBT

A

requires language and expressing emotion. child has to be verbal

83
Q

what is the classic study

A

Ijzendoorn and krookenberg

84
Q

what was the aim of the classic study

A

to investigate the similarities and differences in the ratio of attachment types in different countries

85
Q

what was the procedure of ijzendoorn and Krookenberg

A

-conducted meta analysis from 32 studies from 8 countries which all did SST
-they excluded samples that overlapped or studies that used children aged over 2

86
Q

results of the classic study in child

A

secure attachment was the most common in all 8 countries
- Germany had higher levels of Type A
-Japan had higher levels of Type C

87
Q

strengths of Ijzendoorn and Krookenberg

A

-large sample size in countries so able to compare within countries swell
-carefully controlled procedure which makes results comparable

88
Q

Weaknesses of ijzendoorn and Krookenberg

A
  • 3 countries only had 1 study so was unable to compare within countries
    -ethnocentric bias as study was developed using American values and norms.
    -many samples used small samples of middle class families.

Psychology (12 decks)

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