Child - Area 3

Question 1

What is perception ?

Answer 1

Perception is an organisation of an interpretation of sensory information. It is a combination of sensory information received by sensory receptors and brain interpretations.

Question 2

What is top down processing ?

Answer 2

Processing before seeing. Brain dominates senses.

Question 3

What is bottom up processing ?

Answer 3

Seeing before perceiving. Is data driven.

Question 4

What is the nativist view ?

Answer 4

Human are born with at least some genetically pre-disposed perceptual ability.

Question 5

What is the constructivist view ?

Answer 5

Perceptual abilities develop through learning as we make sense of the sensation we experience.

Question 6

What is the interactionist view ?

Answer 6

Born with strong pre-disposition for survival. These develop in response to experiences.

Question 7

How does the brain develop depth cues ?

Answer 7

Brains can interpret depth cues. We can perceive objects as constant even though we see them from varied angles and distances.

Question 8

What are constancies ?

Answer 8

Objects remained unchanged even though we perceive them as unchanged. Can have colour, shape and size constancies.

Question 9

What are the types of depth cues ?

Answer 9

Linear perspective, height in plane, superimposition, texture gradient.

Question 10

What did Bower state about depth perception ?

Answer 10

Tested abilities of babies between 8-17 to perceive depth distance in a situation important for their survival. Showed 2 cube objects, 20cm and 8cm away.
Images of the object projected onto babies retinas would be the same size.

Question 11

What did Hudson state about depth perception ?

Answer 11

Showed several drawings 2D, to South African children who formerly had primary education. Schooled ppts said the antelope and unschooled said the elephant as the unschooled could not recognise depth implying that depth perception is learnt and unschooled had less experience of these images.

Question 12

What did Fanz say about face perception in babies ?

Answer 12

Showed newborn babies black and white representation of human face. Babies looked at images that was a clearer representation of the human face.
Young babies showed no preference for correct image over scrambled, but they did at 3 months.

Question 13

What is preferential looking ?

Answer 13

Assumes babies and young animals generally look at things they find interesting. Measure amount of time spent looking at 2 stimuli. Researchers can video babies eye movements ti get objective and accurate measures.

Question 14

What is habituation/ dishabituation ?

Answer 14

Babies spend longer looking at something novel but once they are used to it, they will look elsewhere. Records of how long babies look at it. This is repeated as they become used to stimulus. This is habituation.

Question 15

What is an electroencephalogram ?

Answer 15

Babies EEG can be recorded placing geodesic sensor net over their head. A collection os sensors measure electrical activity all over the brain held by a swimming cap.

Question 16

What did Farzin et all look at ?

Answer 16

Used G net with 128 sensors to measure steady state of visual potentials in babies.

Question 17

What is dark rearing ?

Answer 17

Rearing infant animals in dark is common for perception. Blakemore and Cooper used this. Dark reared animals are deprived of perceptual stimulation. If animals are capable of same as light reared, this suggests perception is innate.

Question 18

What were the aims of Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 18

To investigate the ability to perceive and avoid a drop is learnt.
Discover point of development of depth perception and whether this varies in different animal species.
To test which 2 visual cues is more important in depth perception density of pattern or motion parallax.

Question 19

What type of experiment is Gibson and walk ?

Answer 19

Lab experiment (quasi experiment with animals).

Question 20

What type of experimental design is Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 20

Repeated measures design.

Question 21

What are the IV’s of Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 21

Shallow or deep side of the cliff.

Question 22

What is the DV of Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 22

Whether the baby could cross the visual cliff.

Question 23

What is the sample of Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 23

36 human babies aged 14 months all capable of independent locomotion. Infants of other animals: chicks, lambs, kittens who were all dark reared.
Animals were self-selected, advertised in Vets4Pets magazine and verbally gave consent.

Question 24

What is the procedure of Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 24

Board was laid across large sheet os head glass. One side of material was laid on the glass and the other side was laid on the floor. Children were placed on the centre of board and mother called them from cliff side to shallow side.

Question 25

What were some controls of Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 25

Reflections were removed by lighting from below. Texture density - increased size of squares on deep sides they all appeared the same size. Motion parallax = attached to material directly onto glass on both sides squares were larger on shallow side to give the appearance they were closer.

Question 26

What are the results of Gibson and Walk babies ?

Answer 26

27 infants crawled off the board and only 3 crawled off brink onto glass. Many crawled away from the mother, when she called them from the cliff side and some crib because they couldn't get to her. Infants often peered down but would refuse to cross.

Question 27

What were the results of animals in Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 27

Rats could feel glass with whiskers so had no preference for shallow side. When board was raised, 95-100% descended on shallow side. Kittens demonstrated excellent depth discrimination. At 4 weeks, they almost chose shallow side on a glass of deep side they froze or circled around aimlessly. Turtles showed poorest performance with 76% crawling off board to shallow side.

Question 28

What were the conclusion of Gibson and Walk ?

Answer 28

Most humans are able to discriminate depth as they can crawl. A seeing animal can discriminate depth when locomotion is adequate but infants shouldn't be left near an edge. Depth perception in chicks, goats and kittens develop quickly but rats and kittens use their whiskers to help depth perception. Aquatic turtles have good depth perception but is innate in rats and maturational in kittens.

Question 29

What is Sensory Integrative therapy ?

Answer 29

Strategy designed to help people cope with sensory and perceptual difficulties.

Question 30

Who created the SI therapy ?

Answer 30

Ayres who rejected the ideas that sensory systems develop independently. Proposed that SI therapy could develop[ improved learning, visual an auditory perception and advanced motor skills by facilitating synthesis of sensory perception.

Question 31

How is SI therapy carried out ?

Answer 31

Therapist conducts and initial assessment of Childs sensory issues. Then develops personalised treatment programme using appropriate techniques and tools. Skills include, brushing on skin, rolling/sitting on a bouncy ball, weighted vest or dancing to music.

Question 32

What di Fertel-Daly say about SI therapy ?

Answer 32

Found use of weighted vest for children resulted in increased attention to tasks and a decrease in self injury of behaviours.

Question 33

What did Fazlioglu and Baron say about SI therapy ?

Answer 33

SI therapy programmes positively affected children with ASD as compared to control group who did not participate.

Question 34

What did Case-smith state about SI therapy ?

Answer 34

Looked at 19 studies and found little effectiveness because of poor methodological quality.

Question 35

What did Sharlene - Newman state about developing constancies ?

Answer 35

Used 8 y/o children to loom at the effects of structured block play. Children showed improvement within 30 minutes in their ability to mentally rotate objects.