child development Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are the main characteristics of egocentricity in early childhood (ages 4-6)?
Children in early childhood typically assume others think exactly like them, tend to feel like they know everything, and are unable to think beyond how things affect them personally.
How does self-development change in middle childhood (ages 6-11)?
During middle childhood, children develop a multidimensional self-view, become increasingly aware of others’ perceptions, gain better recognition of their personal skills and abilities, and often experience an increased fear of failure.
What are the fundamental social skills learned through play in early childhood?
Through play, young children learn essential social skills including how to share with others, take turns during activities, line up properly, and manage conflicts with their peers.
What are Erikson’s relevant stages for these age groups?
According to Erikson’s theory, children ages 3-6 experience the Initiative vs. Guilt stage (Stage 3), while children ages 6-11 go through the Industry vs. Inferiority stage (Stage 4).
What characterizes emotional expression in early childhood?
Early childhood emotional expression is marked by a limited emotional vocabulary primarily consisting of basic emotions like sad, mad, and happy. Children at this age tend to express their feelings through actions rather than words and think in binary terms of good or bad.
How does fear/anxiety evolve from early to middle childhood?
In early childhood, fears tend to be imaginary in nature, such as monsters under the bed. As children move into middle childhood, their fears become more realistic, focusing on things like death, academic performance, and social perception.
What are the key motor skills developments in early childhood?
Early childhood motor development includes gross motor skills such as running, swinging, and climbing, fine motor skills like drawing, coloring, and cutting, along with emerging technology interaction skills.
How does physical development progress in middle childhood?
During middle childhood, physical development continues at a slower but steady pace, with variable development rates between children. This period is characterized by increased strength and height, along with improved athletic capabilities.
What are the characteristics of Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage (ages 2-7)?
The Pre-operational Stage is characterized by here-and-now thinking, centration (focusing on momentary situations), and limited understanding of cause-and-effect relationships.
What characterizes Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage (ages 7-11)?
he Concrete Operational Stage features the development of logical thought processes, understanding of concept reversibility, enhanced classification abilities, and the emergence of organizational thinking.
What characterizes Kohlberg’s Pre-conventional Stage in early childhood?
In the Pre-conventional Stage, children’s moral reasoning is primarily based on rewards and punishments, without internalization of moral principles. Their decisions are largely based on immediate interests.
How do children view rules in early childhood?
Young children view adults as absolute authorities and are beginning to recognize that rules can be context-dependent. They are learning universal principles while developing awareness of how appropriate behaviors may differ in various settings.
What are the key symptoms of ADHD?
ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that impact multiple areas of life, including school, home, and social interactions.
What characterizes Reactive Attachment Disorder?
Reactive Attachment Disorder is characterized by withdrawal from primary caregivers, inappropriate engagement with strangers, and typically has a history of caregiver disruption. It is often linked to experiences of trauma, abuse, or neglect.
What are the main features of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
ODD is characterized by persistent problems with authority, patterns of anger and defiance, and vindictive behaviors that significantly impact daily functioning.
What are key areas for promoting positive self-image?
Promoting positive self-image involves communicating a child’s inherent value separate from their behavior, building self-worth independent of actions, and consistently reinforcing their worth as a human being.
What are important considerations for cultural and social awareness?
Cultural and social awareness development involves teaching respect for human dignity, fostering understanding of others’ rights, building cultural awareness foundations, and encouraging meaningful interaction with different groups.
What aspects are important for authentic connection in counseling?
Authentic connection in counseling requires showing sincere affection while maintaining cultural appropriateness, and building genuine relationships with both the child and their family system.
