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child development Flashcards

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1
Q

what is attachment theory?

A

how early life experiences influence later adult functioning

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2
Q

what is the function of secure attachment?

A

provide model of self and social world

gives emotional regulation abilities

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3
Q

consequences of attachment theory?

A

change how separation is managed in childhood
change care of children in hospital
show how insecure attachment affects later life

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4
Q

what is the first stage of attachment?

A

pre-attachment

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5
Q

What age is the first stage of attachment?

A

0-2 months

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6
Q

what is the second stage of attachment?

A

attachment in the making

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7
Q

what age is the second stage of attachment?

A

2-7 months

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8
Q

what is the third stage of attachment?

A

clear-cut attachment

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9
Q

what age is the third stage of attachment?

A

7-24 months

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10
Q

what is the fourth stage of attachment?

A

goal corrected partnership

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11
Q

what age is the fourth stage of attachment?

A

24 months +

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12
Q

at what age does stranger anxiety stop?

A

10 months

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13
Q

at what age does separation distress stop?

A

12 months

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14
Q

how were stranger anxiety and separation distress tested?

A

the strange situation - Ainsworth test

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15
Q

what is ‘The strange situation’?

A

test by ainsworth
experimental test of attachment
cultural variations in categorisation

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16
Q

what are the functions of attachment?

A

allow exploration, autonomy

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17
Q

what did harlow investigate?

A

baby monkeys
what characteristics are selected to form attachment
warm comfort over food

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18
Q

characteristics of attachment in young children

A

selective, physical proximity seeking, comfort + security

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19
Q

4 types of attachment

A

secure
avoidant
resistant
disorganised

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20
Q

define sex

A

biological status of sexuality

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21
Q

define gender

A

learned or cultural status of sexuality

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22
Q

what is DSD and what does it mean?

A

disorders of sexual development

reproductive anatomy neither male or female

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23
Q

how do parents influence gender identity?

A

role models, parent-child interactions, gender-appropriate toys and activities.

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24
Q

what is social learning theory in sex and gender?

A

means that gender is learned through rewarding the ‘correct behaviour.

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25
what is cognitive developmental theory in sex and gender?
ingrained behaviour based on gender.
26
at what age do we acquire gender identity?
2-3 years
27
at what age do we acquire gender stability?
~4 years
28
at what age do we acquire gender constancy?
4-5 years
29
in which areas does cognitive ability between genders differ?
verbal, spatial, maths (more exposure at school)
30
define cognition
the process by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved and used to solve problems.
31
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor pre-operational concrete operational formal operational
32
describe the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development.
birth to 2 years recognition of self as agent of action object permanence 6 substages
33
describe the pre-operational stage of cognitive development.
2-7 years centration (one idea at a time) conservation (mass, volume etc) egocentrism (can only think of self)
34
describe the concrete operational stage of cognitive development.
7-11 years start to think logically can only think in relation to real things or events
35
describe the formal operational stage of cognitive development.
11+ years can reason symbolically plan ahead basis of adult cognition
36
define schema
theories about how the social and physical world operate
37
define assimilation
process of understanding a new object
38
define accommodation
modifying a schema based on assimilation
39
define operation
mental consideration of info in a logical manner
40
define conservation
understanding amount is unrelated to appearance
41
at what age does object permanence occur?
8 months
42
2 ways to test intelligence
IQ test | Wechsler adult intelligence scale
43
uses of intelligence testing
identify educational needs assessment following trauma predicting school attainment and performance in job
44
limitations of intelligence testing
is IQ stable? IQ influenced by environment does not measure 'world skills'
45
what is cerebral lateralisation?
idea that the brain has asymmetry of function
46
what processes does the left hemisphere of the brain control?
complex language, logical activities, maths
47
what processes does the right hemisphere of the brain control?
simple language, spatial and pattern recognition, emotion
48
what is phrenology?
measurements of the human skull, based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules
49
what are the 4 features of language?
phonology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics
50
define phonology
knowledge of a sound system | develop limited phonemes therefore accent in other languages
51
define semantics
expressed meaning of words and sentences
52
define morpheme
smallest linguistic features that carry meaning eg small words, suffix/prefix
53
define syntax
form or structure of language
54
define pragmatics
rules about language in social context
55
4 stages of the acquisition of speech
prelinguistic, appreciation of meaning, telegraphic speech, beginnings of adult speech
56
describe the prelinguistic stage of language acquisition
first vocalisation cry 3-4 weeks coo 3-5 weeks babble 3-4 months (repetition - echolalia)
57
at what age does the appreciation of meaning occur and what does this mean?
12 months | single word utterances, words as representation of object
58
at what age does telegraphic speech occur and what does this mean?
18-24 months 2 word utterances convey more meaning
59
skinners view on language acquisition
language is learned need imitation and reinforcement mothers adopt helpful speech (motherese)
60
chomskys view on language acquisition
we are a language acquisition device and we have grammar hardwired and it is a biologically programmed behaviour
61
what is lennebergs critical period hypothesis?
time in which language acquisition is easiest as brain is still developing allows languages to be learned with no accent and regain language after head trauma
62
detail the pathway required to speak a heard word
auditory area wernickes area brocas area motor area
63
detail the pathway required to speak a seen word
``` visual cortex angular gyrus auditory area wernickes area brocas area motor area ```
64
what is expressive aphasia and what is it caused by?
loss of ability to produce language | caused by damage to brocas area
65
what is receptive aphasia and what is it caused by?
impairment of the comprehension of language | caused by damage to wernickes area
66
what are the 3 styles of parenting?
authoritarian authoritative permissive
67
what is authoritarian parenting?
strict rules that are not open to discussion
68
what is authoritative parenting?
idea on discipline but is explained to the child
69
what is permissive parenting?
relaxed ideas on discipline and behaviour
70
who proposed the Demanding vs responsiveness theory on parenting?
maccoby and martin 1983
71
at what age do children become interested in peers?
12-18 months
72
3 types of play
solitary, group, parallel
73
what are the 4 different sociometry statuses?
popular, controversial, neglected, rejected

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