Child Development Flashcards by Eilidh Seaton

What ages are classified as neonate, infant, toddler, pre school, school, teenager

Neonate <28 days 
Infant <1 year
Toddler 1-2
Pre-school 2-5
School 5+ 
Adolescent 12-16

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What are the key developmental domains

write down age in Hx so don’t forget

Gross motor
Fine motor
Social and self help / concentration / behaviour
Hearing, vision, speech and language

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What are the most important years for gaining functional skills

0-5
Continuous process occurs in sequence
Rate may differ

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What do you do in premature babies

Correct for their age

Up to 2 years

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What age should you smile and when do you refer

6 weeks

Refer 3 months

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When should you sit and when do you refer

7 months

Refer at 12

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When should you sit-stand

8 months

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When should you crawl

10 months

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When should you walk and when should you refer

12-15 months

Refer 18

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What do you check if not walking

Check CK for DMD

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When should you have 
Respond name 
1 word
2 words
10+ words

Name = 9-12 months
1 = 1 year
2+ = 12-18 months years
Sentences 3-5 words = 2.5-3

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When should you develop a pincer grip

10 months

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When should you be able to do zips and buttons

5 years

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When should you be able to ride a tricycle

3 years

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When should you be able to play together

2.5 years

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When should you be able to do your laces

8 years

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What are variations

Early developer 
Late normal
Bottom shuffler = walk later
Bilingual = language delay
Familial

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What is global delay

Delay in 2+ domains
>2 SD from mean
Can also have specific delay in 1 domain

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What should a new born / first 3 months be able to do

Flex posture
Fix and follow - 6 week
Settle with soothing
Smile 
Sit with no head lag - 3 months

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What can you do at 6 months

Sit
Transfer toys
2 syllable babble
Stranger awareness
Respond to novel stimuli 
Feed biscuits

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What can you do at 12 months

Stand
Pincer grip 
Stack 2+ blocks 
1 or 2 words
Name 
Point to interest
Wave goodbye
Dominant stimuli
Lift cup to mouth

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What can you do at 18 months

Kick ball
Stairs
Squat to pick up 
Stack 4+ block
10+ words
Food / objects and follow instruction
Say no if annoyed
Pretend play
Sympathy
Rigid in own activity
Eat with fork
Take off coat

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What can you do at 2 years

Climb upstairs
Run
Circular scribbles
30-50 words
2 word sentences
Help with simple tasks 
7 minute attention
Parallel play

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What are red flags

No words by 18mths-2 years
Not walking 18 months
Toe walking
Not running 2.5 years
No smile 3 months
No sitting 9 months
Loss of skills
Asymmetric
Floppy 
Increased tone
Hand preference before 1 
OFC large or small

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What does hand preference suggest

Hemiplegia | Cerebral palsy

What does communication need

Hearing

What do fine motor tasks require

Eyesight

What can no social smile be a sign of

Vision issue Lack of stimulation GDD Early autism

What can no words be a sign of

``` Hearing Oral dyspraxia GDD Specific language delay Lack of stimulation ```

What are influences on development

``` Genetic Environment +ve expereinces Ante-natal Post natal ```

What are ante-natal influences

``` TORCH infection Alcohol Smoking Drugs - AED Maternal health - DM / PET ```

What are post natal influences

``` Meningitis Encephalitis Mercury / lead exposure Head injury Malnutrition Hypoglycaemia Neglect Mother maternal health ```

What does child health programme involve

GP, health visitor, midwife Health promotion Development screen Immunisation

What is tested for in newborn exam at 5-9 days

``` PKU Congenital Hypothyroid CF Storage Sickle cell Thalassemia Tay-sach Hearing ```

What type of hearing tests do you get

Acoustic emission at birth Audtory brain stem response if abnormal Distraction at 6-9 motnhs Pure tone at school

What happens at 6-8 week review

``` GP or HV Feeding Development Measurement Examination - like baby check Maternal health Immunisation ```

What happens at 27-30 months

Development | Measurement

What happens at 5 year review

Immunisation Dental Hearing Vision

Do you get vaccine for pre-mature

When are live vaccines CI e.g. MMR

``` Immunocompromised Pregnant Ig therapy Allergy / anaphylaxis to any component - Rash / GI doesn't cough Allergy to neomycin Previous live in 4 weeks Defer if >3 weeks before or 3 months after immunosuppression ```

What are SE of vaccine

Local - pain / swelling / red Systemic Fever / Malaise / myalgia / headache / poor feed / rash Advise to take paracetamol before and after ``` Rare Anaphylaxis ITP Seizure Hypotonia ```

Hearing loss

Inborn error of metabolism - AA CMV Genetic testing

What vaccine does a newborn get if at risk

BCG or hep B if at risk Get 3 more hep B Get BCG at 1 year

What vaccines at 2,3,4 months

Dipthertia, tetanus, polio, pertussis, hep B, rotavirus = newly added (6 in 1) H.influenza Pnuemococcal Meningococcal B

What do you add at 12 months

MMR Men B+C Pneumococcal

What do you gt age 12-13

HPV

What do you get at 14

Tetanus, diphtheria and polio booster | Meningococcal ACWY

What other vaccines

Annual flu if at risk or pregnant | Pneumococcal every 5 years

What does FAS cause

``` Growth retardation Brain and cardiac malformation Microcepahly Thin upper lip Smooth philtrum Short palpebral fissure Mid facial hypoplasia Micrognathia Microphalmia ```

What may happen when born

Alcohol withdrawal Hypotonic Tremor Irritbale

Long term complications

``` Cerebral palsy Hearing and visual Cognitive LD Conduct ADHD Anxiety ```

What causes a global developmental delay

``` Down's Fragile X FAS Rett Metabolic ```

What causes a gross motor delay

``` Cerebral palsy Myopathy Spina bifida Visual impairment Ataxia ```

What causes a gross fine motor delay

Dyspraxia | Same as above

What causes language delay

``` Social Hearing impairment LD Autism Cerebral palsy ```

What causes personal / social delay

Neglect | Autism

What are live vaccines

``` MMR BCG Chicken pox Flu intra-nasal ROtavirus Yellow fever, Polio, typhoid ```

What are inactivated

Polio FLu Hep A Rabies

What are conjugate

``` Pneumococcus Meningococcus Hep B HPV Shingles ```

What are inactivated vaccines

Tetanus Diptheria Pertusssi

What are encapsulated bacteria

Haemophilus B Pneumococcus Meningooccus

Meningococcal vaccine

MEN B = early 2,3,4 months Men C + B = preschool at 12 months Men ACWY = 14 years

What do you get if pregnant

Pertussis

When do you defer vaccine

Acutely unwell WITH fever, not runny nose Evolving neuro >3 week before or >3 months after immunosuppression

What vaccine do you not catch up on

Rotavirus given at 2,3 months | Risk of intussception