Child Development Flashcards

Question

What are Important Milestones Social and Emotional?

Answer 1

Regards primary carer’s face Smiles, coos, responds Takes everything to mouth (sensory motor) Aware of other people’s interests and experiences Aware of strangers

Answer 2

``` Cries Startled by noises Laughs, chuckles and squeals in play Screams with annoyance Vocalises Babbles loudly and tunefully Understands “no” and “bye-bye” Immitates ```

Answer 3

8-12 months

Answer 4

12 - 18 months

Answer 5

Around 24 months

Answer 6

Higher pitch Rising intonations Exaggerated Melodic

Answer 7

``` Head lag resolved Rolls over – front to back and back to front Lies prone with arms extended Takes weight on legs when supported Sits unaided Pulls to standing Stands holding on Sits back down Crawls Walks ```

Answer 8

Turns to light Follows finger or object Grasps Holds objects Passes from hand to hand (palmar grasp and transfer) Pokes an object Picks up small object between finger and thumb – inferior pincer grip

Answer 9

No social smile by 8 weeks Not reaching for objects by 5 months Not sitting unsupported by 10 months Not walking alone by 18 months Not saying any single words by 18 months Not speaking in short phrases by 2 ½ years

Answer 10

Healthy child program

Answer 11

Developing capacity of child from birth to 3 Experience, regulate and express emotions Form close interpersonal relationships Explore environment Learn in context of family, community and mental health expectations for young children Synonymous with healthy social and emotional development

Answer 12

Present with externalising or internalising behaviour

Answer 13

The mother bonds to the baby | The baby makes an attachment to the parent

Answer 14

Bio-behavioural mechanism activated by anxiety where primary goal is to reduce stress and to restore feelings of security

Answer 15

Infant: PROXIMITY seeking SEPARATION PROTEST Parents: SAFE HAVEN SECURE BASE

Answer 16

Infant seeking security when hurt or upset

Answer 17

Crying when separated from attachment safety figures

Answer 18

‘If I am upset, I can run to mum and she will comfort me’

Answer 19

‘I am secure enough in my relationship with my mum to be able to begin to take an interest in the world around me and to explore it’

Answer 20

Anxiety and stress, crying

Answer 21

``` Baby has a need Baby cries Needs met by parent Trust develops Secure attachment promoted Repeat ```

Answer 22

``` Baby has a need Cries Needs not met by parent Rage develops instead of trust Insecure or disorganised attachment promoted Repeat ```

Answer 23

Mechanism to promote infant's safety and survival Dyadic regulation of affect, emotion Dyad (primary caregiver and infant) jointly regulate infant's stress and emotions Infants need help from their PC’s to both down-regulate and up-regulate their emotional states

Answer 24

Secure | Insecure: Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganised

Answer 25

Not very explorative Disengaged Mother is emotionally distant and disengaged Subconsciously believes needs will not be met

Answer 26

``` Anxious Insecure Angry Inconsistent parenting Can't rely on needs being met ```

Answer 27

Depressed Angry Completely passive Non responsive Erratic parenting, frightened or frightening, passive or intrusive Severely confused child with no strategy for needs being met

Answer 28

Received caregiving that was responsive when they were distressed and they are able to be comforted by their caregiver and to use their caregiver as a secure base

Answer 29

Optimal later functioning across a range of domains including school, emotional, social and behavioural adjustment, peer-rated social status

Answer 30

Poorer outcomes in later childhood: emotional, social and behavioural adjustment, scholastic achievement and peer-rated social status Interfere with peer relations, intimacy, caregiving and caretaking, sexual functioning, conflict resolution, and increased relational aggression

Answer 31

Significant later psychopathology

Answer 32

Disorganised

Answer 33

Awareness – sensitive parents are alert to subtle cues from their babies Responsiveness – Empathetic awareness of baby’s experience. Gives appropriate well-timed responses Cooperation – respect for baby’s autonomy, non-intrusive and does not impose their own wishes Acceptance – Capacity to bear frustrations of caring for a baby. To feel love and acceptance of the baby’s individuality

Answer 34

Capacity to understand infant’s behaviour in terms of internal states/feelings

Answer 35

Associated with emotionally unresponsive maternal behaviours: Withdrawal Hostility Intrusiveness

Answer 36

Nurturance | Emotional and behavioural regulation

Answer 37

Sensori-motor 0-2 years Pre-operational 2-7 years Concrete operations 7-11/12 years Formal operations 11/12-16 years

Answer 38

Emotional and social development linked to cognitive and language development The way adults respond to young children has potentially long lasting effects on their self-image In infants - development of trust or mistrust is important

Answer 39

Activities should support thinking

Answer 40

Individuals develop moral reasoning in 6 stages and pass through 3 levels. Sex roles emerge as stage-like development in cognition Level 1: pre conventional morality, punishment obedience orientation Level 2: conventional morality, good boy nice girl law and order Level 3: post conventional morality, social contract ethical principle

Answer 41

Obedience versus punishment

Answer 42

Process of autonomisation: increasing competencies on own competences Acquisition of a stable identity: who one is, what one’s life should look like, how others see one 10-19 years old

Answer 43

``` Early Adolescence (10-13 years) Middle Adolescence (13-16 years) Late Adolescence (17-20 years) ```

Answer 44

Brain developing and reorganisating Increase in pruning (specialisation and honing of specific skills) Myelination More efficient but less adaptable

Answer 45

One of the last areas of the brain to develop fully

Answer 46

Decision-making part of brain, responsible for ability to plan and think about consequences of actions, solve problems and control impulses Re-modelled last

Answer 47

Risk and emotionally driven behaviour is rooted | Adolescents don’t always have a lot of self-control or good judgment and are more prone to risk-taking behaviour

Answer 48

Associated with emotions, impulses, aggression and instinctive behaviour Adolescents rely on amygdala to make decisions and solve problems more than adults do Adolescents show greater activity and vulnerability in their amygdala than adults

Answer 49

Thinking more logically Thinking about things more abstractly – things are no longer so black or white Picking up more on other people’s emotional cues

Answer 50

More nicotine receptors develop and remain in place

Answer 51

Exposure to drugs during adolescence (cocaine) increases risk of addiction in adulthood Cannabis hugely increases the risk of adolescents developing psychotic symptoms later

Answer 52

Human reward system (new and exciting activities) linked with dopamine All addictive drugs increase dopamine levels. Dopamine levels are altered in adolescence Adolescents dopamine systems can appear to be in overdrive

Answer 53

Adolescence may be seen as an unhappy time because they require pleasure seeking to get a dopamine hit and counter low mood

Answer 54

Drugs, alcohol and high-risk behaviour, starting a new school, peer pressure, or major life events like moving house or death of a loved one

Answer 55

Incidence of poor mental health increases during teenage years Developing brain more vulnerable to stress factors than adult brain

Answer 56

Hormonal | Chemical

Answer 57

Physiological clumsiness | Sexual arousal

Answer 58

Naturally sleep and wake up 2 hours later than adults due to shifting of their melatonin release

Answer 59

Adolescents tend to identify increasingly with their peer group and become less dependent on their families Earlier attachment relationships solid platform from which independence grows Better peer relationships tend to go hand in hand with better parental relationships

Answer 60

More autonomous but at times of crisis return to parental secure base

Answer 61

Quality of care-giving in first 42 months

Answer 62

``` Negative self-concept More prone to risky behaviour Drawn to their peers Emotionally volatile Negative reactions feel like the end of the world ```

Answer 63

Don’t engage with issues of emotional need, anxiety or dependency Talk vaguely about relationships with attachment figures Greater risk of externalising and conduct disorders Not good at asking for help

Answer 64

``` Hyperarousal Controlling Disorganised-controlled attachments are complex (child has tried to manage a parent who is a source of fear and alarm) A way to stay safe is to be in control Survival has been the behavioural driver ```

Answer 65

Disorganised attachment at a year

Answer 66

Emotional separation from parents Peer identity- development of social autonomy Exploratory behaviours (smoking, drinking, drugs) Development of intimate relationships Development of vocational capabilities and financial independence Emergence of abstract thinking Growing ability of absorbing the perspectives or viewpoints of others Increased ability of introspection Development of sexual identity Establishment of a system of values Increasing autonomy from family and personal independence Emergence of skills and coping strategies to overcome problems and crises

Answer 67

Stage 1: sensorimotor period Stage 2: preoperational period, symbolic thought Stage 3: concrete operational period, concrete events Stage 4: formal operation period, abstract ideas

Answer 68

Adolescents are making more sophisticated moral sense | Making distinction between law and morality

Answer 69

``` Simple approach to considering adolescent development in clinical settings Sexual maturation and growth Thinking Education/employment Peers/parents ```

Answer 70

``` Communication Gross motor Fine motor Problem solving Personal social skills ```

Answer 71

Awareness – sensitive parents alert to subtle cues from babies Responsiveness – Empathetic awareness of baby’s experience. Gives appropriate well-timed responses Cooperation – respect for baby’s autonomy, is non-intrusive and does not impose own wishes Acceptance – Capacity to bear frustrations of caring for a baby. To feel love and acceptance of baby’s individuality

Answer 72

Measures attachment when infant is 12 months | Observe infants at play and in situations of mild distress, takes around 20 minutes

Answer 73

Parent-Infant Interaction Observation Scale (PIIOS) Keys to Interactive Parenting (KIPS) CARE-Index Identify interactions, which if left unchanged, will result in insecure attachment

Answer 74

``` Controlling behaviours toward parent Avoidance of the parent Dissociative symptoms Behavioural/oppositional problems Emotional disconnection Aggression toward peers Low social competence in preschool ```

Answer 75

Positive stress – brief and mild/moderate in magnitude Tolerable stress – greater magnitude of adversity or threat Toxic stress – strong, frequent or prolonged activation of stress response system in absence of buffering of adult support

Answer 76

Physiology – hyper-responsive/chronically activated stress response Behaviour – maladaptive responses such as behaviour problems Learning - linguistic, cognitive and socio-emotional deficits

Answer 77

Infant's caregiver may be so stressed themself that they are unable to provide comfort to their baby Signs of caregivers stress signal danger to the baby and so increasing his or her anxiety

Answer 78

Stops development of new neural connections and pathways Affects stress response system Brain cells die and reduces connections in certain areas of the brain Fewer cortisol receptors produced in hippocampus, so child's stress thermostat permanently set on high (overactive)

Answer 79

Parasympathetic nervous system concerned with self-maintenance is over-activated so freezing reaction with reduced HR and RR This learned helplessness common in neglected and abused children persistently threatened and only escape is to dissociate, and freeze both physically and cognitively Mental mechanism of defence involves disengaging from external world and only attending to stimuli from internal world so becoming disconnected

Answer 80

Increase proportion of mothers who breastfeed for six to eight weeks or longer Focus on early identification and prevention of obesity in children through emphasis on breastfeeding, delaying weaning until babies are six months, introducing children to healthy foods, controlling portion size, limiting snacking on foods that are high in fat and sugar and encouraging an active lifestyle

Answer 81

Indicate child’s size compared with children of same age and maturity who have shown optimum growth Lines show expected range of weights and heights; each describes number of children expected to be below that line (e.g. 50% below 50th, 91% below the 91st)

Answer 82

Babies do not grow at same rate Most babies lose weight after birth, 80% will have regained this by 2 weeks of age Fewer than 5% of babies lose more than 10% of their weight 1 in 50 are 10% or more lighter than birth weight at 2 weeks Baby’s weight may not follow a centile line, most track within one centile space Sustained drop through two or more centiles is unusual, these need assessing Babies very small or very big can be sometimes be associated with underlying illness

Answer 83

National Child Monitoring Programme in England BMI in children Reception (4-5 years) Year 6 (10-11 years)

Answer 84

At full-term a baby's brain has 100 billion neurons, not fully developed Baby's brain has to be wired up after birth and baby's brain will increase in weight from 400g at birth, to 1000g at 1 year of age Increase in weight is caused by proliferation of synapses (i.e. connections between neurons)

Answer 85

Optimised when it takes place during sensitive developmental periods Can take place at any time not just during sensitive developmental periods (defining characteristic) Brain is plastic across the lifespan, makes it possible to change our behaviours, learn new skills and recover following a stroke

Answer 86

WHO (prior to 2001) 4-6 months 2001 recommendation weaning should be commenced at 6 months Recommendation applies to population, recognised that some mothers will be unwilling/ unable to follow this recommendation, these mothers should also be supported to optimise their infant’s nutrition. If before 6 months, no gluten

Answer 87

Commercially manufactured: check no salt and sugar | Home cooked

Answer 88

When they start weaning - 6 months

Answer 89

Macronutrients: fat, proteins, carbs Micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, water (60-70%)

Answer 90

``` Food standards agency: Bread, rice and pasta Fruit and vegetables Milk and dairy Meat, fish, beans, eggs Foods and drinks high in fats and sugar ```

Answer 91

Nutrient approach Food group approach Eat well plate approach

Answer 92

Baby led weaning | Don’t add salt or sugar

Answer 93

Dental Caries

Answer 94

Children in poverty eat less fruit and vegetables and have higher fats and sugars Impoverished families are more likely to have diets lacking in nutrients required to sustain an effective immune system Worse diet, worse access, worse health, higher percentage of income on food, less choice from a restricted range of foods. Above all food poverty is about less or almost no consumption of fruit & veg

Answer 95

For 6 months | Born preemie, won't have as much stores

Answer 96

One in eight toddlers are anaemic | 35% among minority ethnic children and white children from impoverished inner-city areas

Answer 97

12% | as many as 40% of young children having levels below accepted optimal threshold

Answer 98

Rotavirus | Although levels decreasing since vaccine introduced

Answer 99

Food safety | Sitting down to family meals - social development

Answer 100

Allergies/intolerance

Answer 101

Determined on basis of a growth chart and defined as a BMI greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for age

Answer 102

Origins of much adult disease lie in developmental and biological disruptions occurring during early years of life

Answer 103

Babies need to learn how to regulate their emotions Establish capacity for self-regulation via attachment relationship to primary caregiver Parental sensitivity and parental reflective functioning are significant predictors of attachment security

Answer 104

Infant’s prolonged exposure to severe stress not modulated by PC PC may be cause of the stress Identification of a child in Need Toxic stress has significant impact on young child’s developing nervous system, development, health and wellbeing across the lifespan

Answer 105

Predicts infant’s likelihood of being securely attached Parent’s ability to regulate their own stress, anger, anxiety and depression Unresolved Parents - ghosts in the nursery that may affect how parents interpret their babies cues and respond to their baby

Answer 106

What happens early in life affects health and wellbeing in later life

Answer 107

17 per cent of boys and 16 per cent of girls up to age of 15 are obese

Answer 108

Need to encourage increased exercise, only half of children and barely a third of girls meet the recommended standard Public Health England work with local authorities, schools and relevant agencies to build on current efforts to increase participation in physical activity and promote evidence based solutions that lead to improved access to existing sports facilities

Answer 109

Increasing numbers of children are suffering from poor mental health 75 per cent of lifetime mental health disorders start before 18 years of age Peak onset of most conditions is 8 to 15 years

Answer 110

Insecurely attached infants' are more likely to develop mental health problems and psychopathology in the early years

Answer 111

Impulses, aggression and instinctive behaviour

Answer 112

Thinking more logically Thinking more abstractly Picking up on others emotional cues

Answer 113

Increased aggression

Answer 114

``` Emotional separation from parents Peer identity Exploratory behaviours Development of intimate relationships Emergence of abstract thinking Development of personal and sexual relationships ```

Answer 115

Formal operations

Answer 116

Identity vs. role confusion

Answer 117

Conventional Morality

Answer 118

Failure to thrive

Answer 119

Occipito-frontal circumference (OFC)

Answer 120

100 billion

Answer 121

From 400g at birth to 1000g at I year

Answer 122

Proliferation of synapses

Answer 123

Pruned away

Answer 124

Orbitofrontal region

Answer 125

Experience expectant | Experience dependent

Answer 126

Neuroplastic

Answer 127

Healthy child program

Answer 128

New born examination (72 hours ) 6-8 week review 9-12 month review 2-2 and a half review

Answer 129

``` Communication Gross motor Fine motor Problem solving Personal-social ```

Answer 130

Chronic illness Lack of stimulation Sensory impairment Developmental disorder

Answer 131

Developing capacity of child from birth to 3 to: experience, regulate and express emotions

Answer 132

Bio-behavioural mechanism activated by anxiety, primary goal to reduce stress and restore feelings of security

Answer 133

1st year of life

Answer 134

Strange Situation Experiment

Answer 135

Ambivalent | Avoidant

Answer 136

Disorganised

Answer 137

Baby has a need Baby cries Needs met by primary carer Trust develops

Answer 138

Emotional Social and behavioural Scholastic Peer-rated social status

Answer 139

Awareness Responsiveness Cooperation Acceptance

Answer 140

Capacity to understand the infant’s behaviour in terms of internal states/feelings

Answer 141

Identify developmental delay

Answer 142

Sensorimotor

Answer 143

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 144

Obedience vs punishment

Answer 145

Department of Health | Food Standards Agency

Answer 146

``` Increase proportion mothers who breastfeed for 6 to 8 weeks or longer Delay weaning until 6 months of age Introduce children to healthy foods Control portion size Limit foods high in fat and sugar Encourage an active lifestyle ```

Answer 147

Indicate a child’s size compared with children of same age and maturity who have shown optimum growth

Answer 148

Usually less than 10% of baby’s birth weight

Answer 149

80% of babies will have regained this by 2 weeks of age

Answer 150

Baby led weaning

Answer 151

Usually 6 months | Less in babies born prematurely because they missed out on last month in utero when babies grow and put down stores

Answer 152

Salt and sugar

Answer 153

Vit D | Rickets

Answer 154

Higher quantities of fats and sugars are consumed | Less fruit and vegetables are consumed

Answer 155

clean, separate, cook and chill

Answer 156

5-6 months

Answer 157

6-7 months

Answer 158

Picks up small sweet between finger and thumb – 9 months