Child Development theory

Question 1

Behavioral Theory

1. John B. Watson
2. B.F.Skinner
3. Albert Bandura

Answer 1

development throughout life is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, over which we have little control

Question 2

Cognitive Theory

1. Jean Piaget

Answer 2

Emphasis is on how changes or growth in the ways people know, understand, and think about the world affect behavior

Question 3

Psychodynamic Theory

1. Sigmund Freud
2. Erik Erikson

Answer 3

Behavior throughout life is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood over which we have little control

Question 4

Contextual Theory

1. Vygotsky
2. Bronfenbrenner

Answer 4

Behavior is determined by the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, social, and physical worlds

Question 5

Evolutionary Theory

1. Lorenz influenced by early work of Charles Darwin, Bowlby

Answer 5

Behavior is the result of the genetic inheritance from out ancestors; traits and behavior that are adaptive for promoting the survival of our species have been inherited through natural selection

Question 6

Evolutionary Theory Charles Darwin

Answer 6

“survival of the fittest”

Question 7

Evolutionary Theory Konrad Lorenz

Answer 7

“imprinting” ex. geese were attached first 20 min when born. Idea is that if not attached as soon as more, baby dies.

Question 8

Evolutionary Theory John Bowlby

Answer 8

“attachment” believed this was necessary

Question 9

Evolutionary Theory Arnold Gessel

Answer 9

“maturation” we all develop the same skills at our own times because of nature

Question 10

Psychodynamic Theory Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages (pleasure or gratification focused on biological function & body parts)

Answer 10

1. oral stage
2. anal stage
3. phallic
4. genital stage
5. latency

Question 11

Missing the Oral stage

Answer 11

nail-biting

Question 12

Missing the anal stage

Answer 12

too organized because he/she had no freedom

Question 13

Missing the phallic stage

Answer 13

issues with future relationships

1. oedipus complex= boy jealous of dad
2. electra complex= girl gets mad at mother for not having a penis

Question 14

Psychodynamic ID,EGO,SUPEREGO

Answer 14

ID= operates for pleasure
EGO= source of balance
SUPEREGO= Angel

Question 15

What happens if we do not satisfy our urges in each stage of the psychosexual stages?

Answer 15

We develop “fixation” which is the behavior reflecting an earlier stage of development

Question 16

Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust p.21

Answer 16

positive: feelings of trust from environmental support
negative: fear and concern regarding others

Question 17

Erikson’s autonomy vs. shame&doubt

Answer 17

positive: self-sufficiency if exploration is encouraged
negative: doubts about self, lack of independence

Question 18

Erikson’s initiative vs. guilt

Answer 18

positive: discovery of ways to initiate action
negative: guilt from actions and thoughts

Question 19

Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority

Answer 19

positive: development of sense competence
negative: inability to identify roles in life

Question 20

Erikson’s identity vs. role diffusion

Answer 20

positive: awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed
negative: inability to identify appropriate roles in life

Question 21

Erikson’s intimacy vs. isolation

Answer 21

positive: development of loving, sexual, relationships and close friendships
negative: fear of relationships with others

Question 22

Erikson’s generativity vs. stagnation

Answer 22

positive: sense of contribution to continuity of life
negative: trivialization of one’s activities

Question 23

Erikson’s ego-integrity vs. despair

Answer 23

positive: sense of unity in life’s accomplishments
negative: regret over lost opportunities of life\

Question 24

Contextual Theory

Answer 24

We learn through social interaction with people who know more than us. “more knowledgeable other” MKO

Question 25

Zone of Proximal development ZPD (vygotsky's)

Answer 25

The space in between when the child can do things by himself

Question 26

Bronfenbrenners bioecological model

Answer 26

we are influenced by many layers in the environment in diff. ways.

Question 27

Microsystem

Answer 27

direct contact with child and environment

Question 28

Mesosystem

Answer 28

connections with the micro

Question 29

Exosystem

Answer 29

Child not involved ex. the job of a parent

Question 30

Macrosystem

Answer 30

Everything you cannot control ex. culture, religion, values, beliefs, law, gov

Question 31

Chrono

Answer 31

TIME! ex. divorce, school board

Question 32

scaffolding

Answer 32

displaying something tangibly or verbally in order for a child to accomplish a desired task

Question 33

Piagets 4 Cognitive stages

Answer 33

1. sensorimotor 2. pre-operational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

Question 34

sensorimotor birth- 2 years

Answer 34

development of object permanence, motor skills, little to no capacity of symbolic representation birth-2

Question 35

pre-operational 2-7 years

Answer 35

development of language and symbolic thinking; egocentric thinking 2-7 yrs

Question 36

concrete operational 7-12 years

Answer 36

development of conversation, mastery of concept of reversibility

Question 37

formal operational 12 years and above

Answer 37

development of logical and abstract thinking

Question 38

Information Processing Approach

Answer 38

People have limited capacity for learning but can flexibly apply strategies

Question 39

Cognitive perspective

Answer 39

focuses on how brain functions and relates to behaviors ex. brains of children with ASD are different to normal children's brain, cause of difference in behavior ?

Question 40

Behavioral Theory: Watson & Pavlov- classical conditioning

Answer 40

response to stimuli that were one neutral and then became a stimulus to bring response ex. manipulation of a dog salivating. ex. baby exposed to large sound and rat = fear of rat

Question 41

operant conditioning: B.F. Skinner

Answer 41

form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its association with positive or negative consequences

Question 42

Reinforcement +/-

Answer 42

increases the probability of a behavior

Question 43

punishment

Answer 43

decreases the probability of a behavior

Question 44

extinction

Answer 44

behavior no longer happening

Question 45

behavior modification

Answer 45

behavior modification, technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

Question 46

Bandura's social learning theory

Answer 46

Bobo doll experiment showed that people are influenced by others, learn through modeling and imitation

Question 47

4 steps for imitation

Answer 47

1. attention 2. store info observed and recall 3. reproduction "does child have ability to imitate" 4. motivation/opportunity to imitate