Child Language Acquisition Flashcards by Megan Dennis

Skinner

Behaviourist theory:
- positive and negative reinforcement
- when children use correct utterances, which are reinforced by an adult, they are more likely to repeat the utterance

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Chomsky

LAD:
- children must have an innate device (language acquisition device), to learn language as they receive impoverished language input from adults

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Bruner

Interactionist theory:
- language is learnt through interaction with other people (they are the child’s LASS - language acquisition support system).

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Halliday

7 functions of language

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Heuristic function

Helps children find out more about their environment

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Imaginative function

Imaginary world children use in play

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Interactional function

Formation of relationships with others

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Instrumental

used to express needs

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Personal

Opinions, feelings, identity

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Regulatory

Used to tell others what to do

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Representational

Used to convey facts/info

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Roscorla

types of extension

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Overextension

Giving an object a wider meaning than it actually has

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Categorical overextension

The name for one member of a category is used for all members of the category
e.g. apple is used for all fruits

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Analogical overextension

A word for one object is extended to one in a different category
e.g. ball for an orange

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Predicate overextension

A word used for something despite an absence of the object
e.g. pointing at a pond and saying duck

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Underextension

Giving an object a narrower meaning than it actually has

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Brown

Typical order of morphological acquisitions
1. -ing
2. -s (plural)
3. -‘s (possessive)
4. a, the
5. -ed
6. -s (third person singular verb ending)#
7. be (primary auxiliary)

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Jean Aitchson

Labelling, packaging, network building

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labelling

Linking words to objects to which they refer

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packaging

Exploring labels and what they can be applied to - where over/under extensions occur

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network building

Making connections between words, understanding similarities and opposites

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Garvey

Pretend play:
- studied pairs of children to find that children adopt roles and identities, and invent settings and objects during pretend play

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Berko and Brown

Fis phenomonon:
- children understand the words meaning, but have a wider receptive vocab than productive vocab so can’t voice the word

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Bellugi

Stages of negative formation: 1. no or not, start of sentence 2. no or not inside sentence 3. attaches negative to auxiliary verbs and copula 'be'

Preverbal stage: 1. vegetative

0-4 months, sounds of comfort and reflexes

Preverbal stage: 2. cooing

4-7 months, vocal play using open mouth vowel sounds

Preverbal stage: 3. babbling

6-12 months, repeated patterns of (both consonant and vowel) sounds

Preverbal stage: 4. proto words

9-12 months, word like vocalisations not matching actual words but used for the same meaning each time

Phonemic expansion and contraction

When babies start to babble, the number of different phonemes they can produce increases – phonemic expansion Later in the babbling stage they reduce the number of phonemes they use to just the relevant ones (phonemic contraction)

Manner of articulation: plosives

Airflow briefly blocked

Manner of articulation: fricatives

Airflow partially blocked

Manner of articulation: affricatives

Plosives and fricatives together

Manner of articulation: nasals

Air moving through nose

Manner of articulation: laterals

Tongue placed on ridge of teeth and air moves down the side of the mouth

Manner of articulation: approximants

Minimal blockage

Place of articulation: labial consonants

P,F,B,V

Place of articulation: alveolar consonants

D,T,S,Z

Place of articulation: velar consonants

G,K

Holophrastic stage

12-18 months Single words

Two word stage

18-24 months Two word utterances: S+V V+O

What age is the telegraphic stage?

24-36 months

Telegraphic stage: Aitchison

labelling, packaging, network building

Telegraphic stage: syntactical development

ordering of words into sentences and clauses becomes more accurate

Telegraphic stage: morphological advances

add inflections to words to alter tense, possession and plurals prefixes and suffixes to alter word classes

Telegraphic stage: increasingly complex structure e.g...

S+V+O S+V+C S+V+A

Telegraphic stage: forming yes/no interrogations

first stage when yes/no interrogations are constructed with auxiliary verbs and changing word order

Telegraphic stage: Bellugi (negative formation)

stages of negative formation: 1. no or not at start of sentence 2. no or not inside sentence 3. attaches no or not to auxiliary verbs and copula be

Telegraphic stage: Bellugi (pronoun use)

1. child uses own name 2. child uses pronouns in incorrect position 3. uses them correctly

Telegraphic: More content words than?

Child Language Acquisition Flashcards

(77 cards)