Childhood and adolescence Flashcards
How long is childhood?
2-20 years
What two things rapidly increase in adolescence and which of those increases more in females?
Lean mass (all mass excluding fat) and fat mass which increases more in females.
Age range of pre-school?
1-5 years
Age range of school age?
5-12
Adolescence age range?
9-19
What are the 5 determinants of nutrient needs?
Age, body size, activity, rate of growth (something on power point 1 slide 5), changing in circumstances such as having an illness or infection.
What is optimal intake?
Satisfies your body’s needs, and allows normal growth and activity.
What are pre-school children’s requirements, quantity and appetite for food?
Requirements
High in relation to size
~95 kcal/kg body weight (adult = 35 kcal/kg)
Quantity
Small stomachs which prevents them consuming large quantities of food at one time
Appetite
Variable, related to fluctuations in growth rate and physical activity
What are some common nutritional problems in childhood and adolescence?
Overweight and obesity Micronutrient deficiencies Iron Vitamin D Food refusal Growth Faltering Dental Problems Constipation Diarrhoea Food allergies
Approaches to prevention/ management of childhood obesity?
Reduce energy intake without reducing volume of food
Increase time required to consume foods/ increase satiety by ‘wholefood’ versions
Organise mealtimes and snacks so eating confined to recognized episodes rather than continuous process
Reduce intake of ‘empty’ calories and unnecessary energy dense foods
Discourage inactivity
Encourage activity
What supplements are recommended and for which groups especially?
Vitamin A and D supplement each day is recommended
Especially for fussy eaters, toddlers of Asian, African and Middle Eastern origin and those living in northern areas of UK
What percentage of children from impoverished inner city areas have iron deficiency anaemia and what is the main cause of this?
25-35% Usually when breast and formula milk replaced by:
Cow’s milk , which limits the absorption of iron
Nutritionally inadequate solid foods
What is recommended to prevent/reduce iron deficiency anaemia?
Iron rich foods at each meal No cows milk (as main drink) under 1 year Avoid excessive milk after 1 year Encourage other dairy products Follow-on formula if any doubt Avoid substances (with meals) which reduce iron absorption Phytates, tannins in tea etc Include Vitamin C containing foods enhances iron absorption
What is rickets and how can it be passed on?
Vit D deficiency and can be passed on during pregnancy.
How common is rickets in the uk and which group of children is effected the most by it?
1 in 100 and it is common in children with limited opportunities to play outside.
How can parents exacerbate food refusal?
Increased attention for negative behaviour
Inappropriate idea of ‘normal’ intake
Little knowledge of foods consumed elsewhere
Battle-ground (parents fighting) can result in lost appetite
Force-feeding
Normal bowel frequency throughout life in industrialised countries?
~4 per day in first week of life
2 per day at 1 year
Adult frequency usually attained by 4 years
Once per day (range 3 per day to 3 per week)
Constipation causes?
Pain from anal fissure Fever, dehydration, immobility Infection Psychological problems Poor dietary and fluid intake Excessive milk intake Inadequate dietary fibre intakeLow fluid intake Faddy eating Coercive toilet training Family history
Constipation treatment?
Toilet training
Give plenty of water : 6 – 8 drinks/ day of 100- 120mls each, more in hot weather or after physical activity
Increase fibre intake: no dietary recommendation, but ~5-7g per day, give wholegrain cereals sometimes, encourage high fibre breakfast cereals, encourage vegetables and pulses, encourage fresh fruit
Limit milk to 3 x 120mls per day
When does toddler diarrhoea occur and end?
Presents between 6 and 20 months.
Usually ceases at 3 years
Causes of toddler diarrhoea?
Minor infections
Low fat intake
Excessive fruit juices
Causes of dental problems in children?
frequent consumption of foods/liquids containing simple sugars and sticky foods
Prolonged bottle feeding e.g. sleeping with bottle in mouth
Acidic foods
Dental health recommendations for children/adolescence?
Oral hygiene (brush twice per day) begins before 1 year of age Fluoridated toothpaste if drinking water not fluoridated Avoid sugary foods between meals
Recognising satiety signals in toddlers?
They say no, Keep mouth shut when food offered, turn head away from offered food, push spoon/bowl/plate away, hold food in mouth and refuse to swallow, repeatedly spit out food, cry, shout or scream, gag/retch
What is the difference in quantity and regularity of food needed of school children compared to toddlers/pre-schoolers?
Do not eat as many times per da
Tend to be less hungry (maintain blood glucose longer)
Can eat more food at each sitting
Research shows that tackling what two key areas will dramatically have an impact on childhood nutrition
Planning for healthy lunches/snacking at home
School meal provision (school milk program and healthy lunch/snack provision)
In adolescence what vitamin and minerals that support growth and development?
Vit A, C, folate and zinc
in adolescence the vitamins and minerals needed for bone growth?
Vit D, calcium, phosphorus
