Infants and toddlers

Question 1

What is the rapid growth phase and development immediately following birth?

Answer 1

birthweight doubles by 4 months and triples by 1 year

Question 2

What three areas contribute to the high metabolism of babies?

Answer 2

Higher bpm (heart rate), higher respiration per minute and greater energy needs per kg

Question 3

What two physiological states limits the infant/ toddlers potential sources and types of nutrients?

Answer 3

Immature GI tract and kidneys.

Question 4

How much weight gain is expected for an infant/toddler under 3 months?

Answer 4

200g per week

Question 5

How much weight gain is expected for an infant/toddler at 3-6 months?

Answer 5

150g per week

Question 6

How much weight gain is expected for an infant/toddler at 6-9 months?

Answer 6

100g per week

Question 7

How much weight gain is expected for an infant/toddler at 9 to 12 months?

Answer 7

50-75g per week

Question 8

At 0-1 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?

Answer 8

Rapid growth, hand-eye coordination, sitting, crawling, convey food to mouth, eruption of teeth.

Question 9

At 1-2 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?

Answer 9

Walking, chewing, use of baby cup, manipulation of food items.

Question 10

At 2-3 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?

Answer 10

Running and jumping, fine motor skills, use of cup, use of cutlery.

Question 11

At 3-4 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?

Answer 11

Hopping, balancing, self-feeding.

Question 12

At 4-5 years old what are the physical changes and abilities developed?

Answer 12

Adult range of dexterity.

Question 13

At 0-1 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?

Answer 13

Dependent on parent, good appetite, enjoys food.

Question 14

At 1-2 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?

Answer 14

Good appetite, enjoys food but less experimental, developing verbal communication skills.

Question 15

At 2-3 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?

Answer 15

Appetite slows, fluent speech, uses tantrums to influence behaviour of others.

Question 16

At 3-4 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?

Answer 16

Picky/faddy (strong dislike) eating, developed independent food preferences.

Question 17

At 4-5 years old what are the psychosocial changes and food-related behaviour?

Answer 17

Receptive to attitudes of others, develops a circle of peers.

Question 18

Why do we gradually introduce solid food into the diet of a baby who is still breast feeding/ drinking formula?

Answer 18

Critical period of rapid physical, neuro-cognitive and emotional development
To meet increased nutritional requirements
Energy cost of growth 4kcal/g weight gain (Torun 2005)
To develop muscles for speech development
(slide 2 of second infant toddler lecture)

Question 19

When is solid food introduced into the diet of a breast feeding/ formula feeding baby?

Answer 19

When the -digestive system is ready. Department of health recommends exclusic breast feeding until 6 months (26 weeks).

Question 20

What are the three signs that you will see when a baby is ready to start eating solid food?

Answer 20

Stay in a sitting position with head steady.
Co-ordinate eyes, hand and mouth so they can look at the food, pick it up and put it in their mouth by themselves.
Swallow food, babies who cant will push the food out so it will be around their mouth.

Question 21

What foods are suitable for a 6 month not before 4 month baby?

Answer 21

Smooth puree foods.

Question 22

Around 6 months what foods can they consume?

Answer 22

Thicker consistency with some lumps, soft finger foods (finger foods are cut into pieces big enough for baby to hold in fist and it sticks out the top).

Question 23

Foods suitable for a 9-12 month year old baby?

Answer 23

Mashed, chopped, minced consistency and more finger foods (foods that are chopped into pieces the baby can hold in fist and it sticks out the top) than around 6 months.

Question 24

Foods suitable for babies over 12 months?

Answer 24

Mashed, chopped family foods and a variety of finger foods.

Question 25

What can help to make your baby less of a fussy eater?

Answer 25

Introducing baby to a wide range of foods reduce the risk of fussy eating later.

Question 26

What foods are suitable for a baby which is weaning?

Answer 26

Family foods (without added salt)
Fruit and vegetables
Rice, pasta, potatoes, yam, bread and cereals
Meat, fish, pulses and eggs
Yoghurt, custard and cheese

Question 27

How much salt can a weaning baby have? why? advice to do this?

Answer 27

Salt (max 1 g per day)
Kidneys unable to process
Limit processed foods and do not add salt

Question 28

Why should a weaning baby limit sugar?

Answer 28

May lead to tooth decay and development of a sweet tooth. So should minimise frequency of sugar containing foods.

Question 29

What is complementary feeding?

Answer 29

Weaning (getting a baby off milk)

Question 30

What sweet food should babies avoid until there one and why?

Answer 30

Honey because there is a risk that contains bacteria that causes infant botulism.

Question 31

What are three aquatic animals weaning infants should avoid consuming and why?

Answer 31

Shark, marlin and swordfish as they have high levels of mercury may affect the developing nervous system.

Question 32

What type of eggs should a weaning baby not consume?

Answer 32

raw eggs (both white and yolk should be solid.

Question 33

What should infant not eat until age 5 and why?

Answer 33

Whole nuts because they are a choking hazard.

Question 34

What should be consumed for 6 months?

Answer 34

breastmilk/formula milk only for 6 months

Question 35

What milks are suitable at 6-12 months?

Answer 35

Breastmilk/ formula milk alongside foo, small amounts of whole cow’s milk can be mixed with food

Question 36

How long can breast milk be consumed?

Answer 36

For as long as both mother and baby want.

Question 37

When can whole cow’s milk be given as a drink?

Answer 37

From year 1.

Question 38

Three things that can occur due to delayed weaning?

Answer 38

Increased risk of iron deficiency
More difficult to accept lumpy foods
Reduced acceptance of foods in later childhood