Childhood Development & Nutrition Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
By what age should a child be able to sit well alone?
A
9 months
2
Q
What age should child take first steps?
A
12 months
3
Q
By what age should a child run?
A
18 months
4
Q
By what age should a child be able to ascend/descend stairs?
A
2 years
5
Q
By what age should children have head control?
A
6 weeks
6
Q
By what age should children be able to roll onto their back from stomach?
A
6 months
7
Q
By what age should children be able to transfer objects in a palmar grasp?
A
6 months
8
Q
By what age should children be regarding their hands in the midline?
A
3 months
9
Q
By what age do children develop pincer grip?
A
12 months
10
Q
By what age should children be able to build a tower of 3-4 bricks?
A
18 months
11
Q
By what age should children be able to do a circular scribble?
A
2 years
12
Q
By what age should children laugh & coo?
A
3 months
13
Q
By what age should a child scream when annoyed / babble?
A
6 months
14
Q
By what age should a child know & respond to their name?
A
12 months
15
Q
By what age should a child know >20 words?
A
18 months
16
Q
By what age should a child know their own name & gender?
A
3 years
17
Q
By what age should a child be able to count to 20?
A
5 years
18
Q
By which age should children be joining 2 or more words?
A
2 years
19
Q
By which age should children play with their feet?
A
6 months
20
Q
By which age should children have object permanence?
A
9 months
21
Q
By which age should children be able to drink from a cup?
A
12 months
22
Q
By which age should children be able to understand sharing & play with others?
A
3 years
23
Q
By which age should children be able to dress self?
A
4 years
24
Q
By which age should children achieve a social smile?
A
6 weeks
25
By which age should there be no head-lag on pulling to sit?
3 months
26
By which age should children be climbing onto adult chairs?
18 months
27
Hopping should occur by which age?
48 months
28
What test should be given if a child has been unable to walk by 18 months?
CK - suggests DMD
29
Global developmental delay requires delay in how many factors?
2 or more of: gross/fine motor skills, speech, cognition, social development
30
What % of the UK child population has ASD?
1%
31
Gower's manoeuvre is a sign of... It is caused by...
DMD - due to proximal muscle weakness in the thighs
32
Which tool should be used to assess developmental delay in 0-8 months children?
Griffiths
33
Which tool should be used to screen for ASD?
ADOS
34
Bayley's is used to assess for developmental delay between what ages?
0-3 years
35
The "neonatal" period lasts for how long?
4 weeks after birth
36
Prolonged jaundice in infants is that which lasts longer than... (2)
21 days in preterm infants
| 14 days in term infants
37
Bronchiolitis is commonly caused by which pathogen
RSV
38
Which % of the population are within 1SD of the mean for growth?
68%
39
Which % of the population are within 2SDs of the mean for growth?
95%
40
Precocious puberty is puberty occurring before which age(s) in boys & girls? (2)
Boys: <9yo
Girls: <8yo
41
What is the definition of "delayed puberty"
No signs of secondary sexual characteristics in girls aged 13 and boys aged 14
42
The most common system of symptoms children present with is...
Respiratory
43
Croup is bacterial / viral in nature & is treated how?
Viral - needs steroids
44
Posterior rib fracture is very indicative of what
NAI
45
"Child in car winces every time they drive over a speed-bump" is classical for
Peritonitis
46
Delay in passage of meconium for >36 hours is a red flag, T/F?
False - after 24 hours
47
Delay in passage of meconium is a red flag for which 2 conditions
CF & Hirschprungs
48
Describe a bowel surgical emergency which may present in children?
Malrotation
49
What are the red-flags for headache in children? (4)
1) Present on waking
2) Worse when cough/ bending
3) Vomiting
4) Visual disturbance
If any present, refer for immediate MRI
50
Innocent murmurs are usually which character?
Systolic, low intensity which disappears when supine
51
List some important sources of vitamin A (RNI 350-400micrograms/day)
Cheese, eggs, yoghurt
52
List some important sources of vitamin C (RNI 25-30mg/day)
Oranges, blackcurrents, potatoes
53
List some important sources of vitamin D (7-8.5micrograms/day)
Sunlight, small amounts from oily fish and eggs (intake is below this for most infants in Scotland)
54
Breastfeeding mothers should take what supplements a day? How much should they take?
Vitamin D + 10micrograms per day
55
1g of salt contains how much sodium?
393mg
56
Children <5yo capable of walking should receive how much physical activity per day?
180 minutes
57
What are the UK DoH guidelines for physical activity in children aged 5-18 years?
>60 minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity
>3 days/ week of vigorous activies
>Minimal sitting time
58
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for how long?
First 6 months of life
59
Is Follow-Up milk recommended above 6 months?
No, no clear advantage
60
Skimmed milk should not be given before which age?
5 years
61
Semi-skimmed milk should not be given before which age?
2 years
62
Gluten free foods should be given if the baby is <6 months old, T/F?
True
63
What are the benefits of breastfeeding? (3)
1) Greater likelihood of higher IQ at 7 1/2 years
2) Lower obesity risk later in life
3) Lower maternal breast cancer risk
64
Those with 4 or more ACEs are how many more times likely to become a high-risk drinker in later life?
4x
65
Those with 4 or more ACEs are how many more times likely to have an unintended teenage pregnancy later in life?
6x
66
What is the range of normal human hearing in Hertz?
20-20,000
67
Which parts of the ear are the receiver, amplifier and transducer?
```
Receiver = outer ear
Amplifier = middle ear
Transducer = inner ear
```
68
From how many weeks can the foetus hear in-utero?
18 weeks
69
From how many weeks can the foetus respond to sound in-utero?
26 weeks
70
What is the normal pattern of speech present at 3 months?
Cooing, recognises mother's voice
71
What is the normal pattern of speech present by 6 months?
Happy & sad sounds, will turn head toward a sound
72
What is the normal pattern of speech present by 12 months?
Can say "mama" or "dada" and follow simple instructions
73
What is the pattern of speech present between 12-24 months?
Syllable deletion, syllable simplification, substitutions (R for L or W) and use of a single word to describe a situation (e.g. 'milk' for 'I'm hungry')
74
By 18 months, what pattern of speech should be present?
Say a few words
75
By 24 months, what pattern of speech should be present?
>50 words, two-word phrases
76
What pattern of speech should be present in 24-36 months?
3-word sentences and rhymes. Uses words when unclear (e.g. all insects may be "ant" or "bug")
77
A delay in speech is a failure to achieve milestones following how many months?
6 months
78
If a child is suspected to have a speech delay, by which age should they be referred to SALT?
27 months
79
Approx. which % of cases of congenital profound hearing loss are genetic?
50% (50% are acquired)
80
Screening of hearing has been done on all UK infants since when
2000
81
How is screening of infants for hearing performed?
The outer ear hairs produce sound; this can be detected
82
T/F: Most congenital profound hearing loss is syndromic?
False - most is non-syndromic (i.e. linked to gene mutations and other causes)
83
Describe Usher's Syndrome (3)
Most common syndromic reason for loss of hearing and vision. Hearing loss + retinitis pigmentosa. Inherited AR.
84
Describe Pendred's Syndrome (3)
Hearing loss + goitre. AR inheritance. Due to malformation of middle ear.
85
Describe Alport's Syndrome (4)
Hearing loss + eye problems + renal disease. Caused by error in collagen type IV. AR or X-linked. Can progress to ESRD.
86
What is the line in the exact middle of a Gaussian distribution?
The mean / 50th centile
87
What does the SD measure?
Variability around a meme
88
What is the Z-score with reference to a growth chart?
The number of SD a value is from the mean
89
If 100 people are measured, how many people will fall within 1SD of the mean on a growth chart?
68
90
If 100 people are measured, how many people will fall within 2SDs of the mean on a growth chart?
95
91
How have growth charts been changing in the past 30 years?
Shift to the right (i.e. weight increasing)
92
How should a baby be weighed in clinic? (2)
1) Without any clothes or nappy
| 2) On a class III clinical scale using metric system
93
How should children older than 2 be weighed in clinic? (2)
1) Weighed in vest and pants but no shoes, footwear or dolls/ teddies in hand
2) On a class III clinical scale using metric system
94
Head circumference should be measured at which area of head?
Wherever it is widest
95
An infant's length can be measured while the infant is clothed. T/F?
False - no nappy or footwear.
96
A child's height should be measured upon expiration, T/F?
True
97
How should a child >2's height be measured?
Rigid rule with a T-piece
98
Can a child's height be measured with shoes on?
No
99
When plotting a growth chart, dots should be written in pen and joined with a ruler, T/F?
False - they should be written in pencil and dots not joined up
100
When counting ages on a growth chart, the months should be rounded up (e.g. a child that is 5.5 months old would be marked as 6 months), T/F?
True
101
If a point on a growth chart is exactly on the centile or within 1/4 of a space how is it described?
"On the Xth centile"
102
If a point is halfway between two centiles on a growth chart how should it be described?
"Between centile X and Y"
103
If a child's growth falls through centiles, how is this reported?
"A fall through X centile spaces"
104
What is the average of puberty onset for girls? What about boys?
11 years
| Boys tend to be 6 months later
105
What are the gonadotrophins?
FSH and LH
106
Which hypothalamus hormone triggers puberty?
GnRH
107
What is precocious puberty in boys & girls?
Boys: normal pubertal development before 9 years old.
Girls: normal pubertal development before 8 years old.
108
What is pubertal delay?
Absence of secondary sexual development in a girl aged 13 or a boy aged 14 years.
109
Pubertal delay is more common in which sex?
Male
110
What is the average height difference between men and women?
12.5-14cm
111
How is short stature classified? (2)
Genetic short stature & constitutional growth delay
112
What is genetic short stature?
A healthy child who has inherited short stature from parents. No underlying pathology.
113
What is constitutional growth delay?
A late maturation causing short stature. Cause usually unknown.
114
T/F: Psychosocial deprivation can cause short stature.
True
115
T/F: Chronic Disease can cause short stature.
True
116
In the UK, children receive more than/ less than RNI for: protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, salt?
```
Protein: exceeds RNI
Vitamin A: exceeds RNI
Vitamin C: exceeds RNI
Vitamin D: less than RNI
Salt: Exceeds RNI
```
117
If a 6month+ child is not drinking at least 500mL of milk per day, what intervention is recommended?
Vitamin A, C and D supplement
118
The infant phase of growth is led by which factor
Nutrients
119
The child phase of growth is led by which factor
GH
120
The adolescence phase of growth is led by which factor
Sex steroids
