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Chili Flashcards

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WSET® Level 4 D3 Wines of the World flashcards
1
Q

What happened in the middle of the 20th century?

A

-wine industry in decline due to decline in domestic demand (political isolation)
-half of Chile’s vineyards pulled out in 1980s

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2
Q

What happened when Chile returned to a democracy and free market?

A

-1980s/90s producers investing in new technology
-focus to quality wine and export
-re-plantation of vineyards in new areas and mountain regions

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3
Q

Is there a big difference in latitude in Chile?

A

-Yes, 30 degrees in the North and 38 degrees in the south
-despite of this, a consistent climate

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4
Q

What is the main climate of Chile?

A

-Warm Mediterranean
-Long, sunny dry growing season
-low latitude= intense sunlight

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5
Q

What about the annual rainfall in Chile?

A

-North and inland -> low rainfall
-Coastal&south -> more rainfall up to 1200 mm

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6
Q

What are 2 weather hazards in Chile? What can it cause?

A

-Winds occuring every 2-10 years
-el niño= higher than average rainfall
-la niña= lower rainfall/drought
-vintage variation (also due to plantings in climatically extreme areas)

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7
Q

Name 2 cooling influences in Chile

A

-Pacific ocean
-Andes
-prolonging the growing season and retaining acidities & aromas

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8
Q

What runs along the coast of Chile? What does this mean?

A

-low mountains (300-800 metres)
-forms a barrier against influences of the ocean
-vineyards to west of these mountains = fully exposed to ocean influences

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9
Q

Explain how Chile gets cooling influences in the more inland areas

A

-Humboldt current from Antartica = cold water thus air
-warm air rises from the land during the day, sucking in cold air -> morning fog which moderates temperatures
-then it burns away due to heat of the day, increasing humidity

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10
Q

What happens to the Andes and coastal range in the south?

A

-Create a large,dry and sunny central valley in between
-Grapes for high volume, inexpensive wines

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11
Q

Plantings on slopes of coastal ranges or hills in the valley mean what?

A

-provide cooling influences through altitude or aspect
-can yield higher quality grapes

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12
Q

Where are vineyards planted near the Andes? What does this mean?

A

-Foothills of the Andes
-cool mountain air descending from the mountain overnight = higher diurnal range
-altitude can also moderate temperatures

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13
Q

What is the soil type in river valleys?

A

-fertile
-clay, sand, silt, gravel

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14
Q

What is the soil type in the coastal ranges?

A

-less fertile
-gravel, sand and silt

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15
Q

What is the soil type in the Andes?

A

-Volcanic, granite

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16
Q

What do the dry and sunny growing conditions mean for grapes?

A

-ideal for healthy, fully ripe grapes
-intense sunshine= can ripen reliably with high levels of anthocyanins

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17
Q

Are fungal diseases a problem in Chile?

A

-No, due to dry conditions -> spraying not neccessary
-some risk in humid coastal areas
-lots of sustainable and organic viticulture

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18
Q

Is irrigation common? If so, where is the water sourced from?

A

-Yes, 85% of vineyards irrigated
-excess pure water from melting snow of Andes brought down by river valleys
-rivers not present? from aquafiers via wells
-but climate change= less snow=less water from andes

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19
Q

Apart from el niño/el niña, what is another weather hazard?

A

-Forest fires
-grapes can be affected by smoke taint

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20
Q

Chile has remained phylloxera free. What does this mean in terms of plantings?

A

-old bush vines, ungrafted vines
-Pais, Muscat, Carignan and Cinsault

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21
Q

Why are grafted vines becoming more popular?

A

To protect against nematodes

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22
Q

What is the most planted grape variety in Chile? Since when?

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon
-3/4 of plantings are black grape varieties
-after 1990s: international varieties, especially Bordeaux

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23
Q

What was the most common black grape variety planted up to the 1990s, where was it used for?

A

-pais
-inexpensive wine for domestic market
-75% pulled up

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24
Q

What has been an emerging trend?

A

-greater diversity
-aromatic varieties: muscat, viognier, riesling
-mediterranean varieties: carignan,cinsault, grenache

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25
Q

There is an increasing diversity in wine styles. Name 2

A

-Inexpensive fruity wines, temp controlled ss, intended for early drinking
-also good to very good, mid-priced to outstanding for (super) premium prices

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26
Q

What are winemakers experimenting with?

A

-less new oak, more old oak
-concrete or use of amphoras
-use of whole bunch and gentler extraction for reds
-whites: more skin contact&lees contact

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27
Q

Which grape variety can produce Chile’s finest and most expensive wines?

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon
- single variety or blended with merlot,carmenere or syrah

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28
Q

Explain the style of a mid to premium priced Cabernet Sauvignon

A

-full-bodied
-high, ripe tannins
-pronounced dark fruit (blackcurrant)
-herbaceous character (mint,eucalyptus)
-maturation in at least proportion of new oak -> spicy and toasty

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29
Q

What are the best sites for Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

-poorer soils near Andes
-controls vigour
-cool nights help to retain acidities

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30
Q

What style can be expected from inexpensive Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

-from flat, central valley
-simple, fruity wines
-maybe some herbaceousness and dark fruit but less structure, intensity and complexity

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31
Q

For what quality range is Merlot used? explain

A

-inexpensive mainly from central valley
-well on export markets due to soft tannins, medium body and dark fruit flavours

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32
Q

Describe a Carmenere of good to very good quality

A

-full bodied
-high levels of tannins
-medium acidity
-ripe black fruits (blackberry)
-herbaceous (eucalyptus,bell pepper)
-when oaked: spice, roasted coffee, dark chocolate

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33
Q

Why is site selection important for Carmenere?

A

-ripens 2/3 weeks later than Merlot
-needs warm (not too hot) sites otherwise too herbaceous/harsh tannins
- too ripe= overly alcoholic

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34
Q

What style does syrah produce in a cooler climate?

A

-higher acidity, fresh black fruit
-notes of pepper and cloves
-in: San Antonio, Casa Blanca, Limari&Elqui

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35
Q

what style does syrah produce in a warmer climate?

A

-fuller-bodied
-more intense, riper black fruit flavours
-Colchagua valley

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36
Q

Where is Pinot Noir grown? Which style?

A

-cooler areas: Casablanca, San Antonio
-red fruit with herbal characteristics, med-high alc

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37
Q

What is Chile’s most planted white grape variety?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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38
Q

Where can Sauvignon Blanc produce very good quality wine? What is the style?

A

-In cooler regions:Limari, Casablanca, San Antonio
-high acidity, citrus to tropical, sometimes wet stone or herbaceous

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39
Q

What do some winemakers do with Sauvignon Blanc?

A

-lees contact & oak ageing to add complexity

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40
Q

What is another region where Sauvignon Blanc is grown? which style?

A

-Central Valley
-good quality, inexpensive

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41
Q

Name a cool region where Chardonnay thrives well, explain the style

A

-Limari
-Very good quality
-med (+)-high acidity
-citrus&stone fruits

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42
Q

What is the style of Chardonnay in the Central Valley?

A

-inexpensive
-ripe,tropical fruits
-oaked or unoaked

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43
Q

How many DOs does Chile have?

A

-5:Atacama, Coquimbo, Aconcagua,Central and Southern Valley
-6th added later: austral
-also sub-regions which follow river valleys

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44
Q

What are the smaller zones called ‘areas’?

A

-belong to a zone: Apalta as a part from Colchagua
-or: sub-region (where no zone exist) Puente Alta part of Maipo

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45
Q

A further set of designations was introduced in 2011. Name these designations

A

-Costa (coastal influences)
-Andes (mountain influences)
-Entre Cordilleras (areas in between)
-on top of DO system, can be labelled both: Aconcagua Costa or Maipo Andes

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46
Q

How many % of grapes must come from DO to be classified?

A

-75%
-85% for wines exported to EU

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47
Q

A single varietal wine must contain … % of this variety and … % when exported to EU

A

-75%
-85%

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48
Q

What is the minimum alcohol level for wines with a DO status?

A

11% abv

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49
Q

What do the terms: Superior Reserva (gran, especial, privada) mean?

A

-higher min. alcohol: 12% reserva (especial) and 12.5% reserva privada&gran
-Reserva Privada/Gran Reserva: min. 6 months in oak

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50
Q

What are the 3 DOs of Coquimbo?

A

-Elqui
-Limari
-Choapa

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51
Q

What is the latitde of Coquimbo? What does this mean?

A
  • around 30 degrees = low
    -summer temperature high and intense sunlight
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52
Q

What are the cooling influences of Coquimbo? Why are they essential?

A

-Mountains & Pacific ocean
-with low latitude essential to have cooling influences
-delay fruit ripening

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53
Q

What style of wines can be produced in Coquimbo?

A

-intense fruit flavours balanced by fresh acidity
-alcohol levels can be high

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54
Q

What does the humbolt current do to Coquimbo?

A

-brings fogs and cooling breezes to the region

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55
Q

What about rainfall in Coquimbo? Explain

A

-very low
-due to its location: edge of atacama desert
-average rainfall less than 100 mm a year

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56
Q

Is irrigation essential in Coquimbo? Wat about the water availability for irrigation?

A

-Yes
-Reduced snowfall in Andes = water shortage, threatening the region’s future wine production

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57
Q

Why are wines in Coquimbo often premium priced?

A

-due to difficult growing conditions and difficult access to the region -> smaller production of wine

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58
Q

What is the location of Elqui?

A

-Most Northern part of Chile’s principal vineyards
-Follows the route of river Elqui

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59
Q

How can fog in Elqui reach further inland compared to other regions?

A

-Lack of coastal mountains
-route carved by the river

60
Q

Which grape varieties grow well in the fog affected areas of Elqui?

A

-Sauvignon Blanc
-Syrah

61
Q

What do the grapes grown under a layer of fog show?

A

-high acidity
-fresh fruit flavours

62
Q

Are the vineyards in Elqui high? if yes, where can those vineyards be found?

A

-Yes, highest of Chile up to 2200 metres
-Eastern end of the valley

63
Q

What kind of style results from high altitude plantings in Elqui?

A

-more intense sunlight& wide diurnal range = deeply coloured, intensely fruit flavoured

64
Q

Where is Limari river located?

A

-100 km south from Elqui

65
Q

What does the limari river create?

A

-A narrow steep-sided valley through the coastal mountains

66
Q

Which cooling influence does the west of Limari have?

A

-morning fog and breezes
-enter from bay to the north where there are no coastal mountains

67
Q

Why are producers also exploring the far east of Limari?

A

-Due to high altitude of Andes up to 1500 metres = altitude a cooling influence

68
Q

What type of soil is there in Limari?

A

-Calcareous soils
-Unusual for Chile

69
Q

Why is this soil type so important in Limari?

A

-Retains moisture
-Important for an extreme dry climate and in years of drought where water availability can be an issue

70
Q

What is the most planted grape variety in Limari? What style does it produce?

A

-Chardonnay
-full range: lighter body with high acidity at coastal end of valley
-riper, fruitier, fuller bodied styles further inland

71
Q

Which grape variety thrives well in Limari?

A

Syrah

72
Q

Which other black grape varieties grow in Limari? Where?

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenere
-warmer eastern end of valley floors

73
Q

What is the weather in the central part of Aconcagua valley?

A

-warm& dry
-somewhat moderated by afternoon breezes from coast

74
Q

What is the rainfall in Aconcagua?

A

-250 mm
-irrigation needed

75
Q

Which style of wine is produced from the central part/valley floors of Aconcagua Valley?

A

-ripe, full bodied, high levels of alcohol& tannins red
-Cabernet Sauvignon & merlot, also some Carmenere& syrah

76
Q

Some producers shift from valley floor to where in Aconcagua Valley? Why?

A
  • cooler sites, to produce fresher, more complex wines -> valley sides and east and west
  • smaller volume wines from mid to premium priced
    -Aconcagua Costes
    -Aconcagua Andes
77
Q

What is the part of Aconcagua Valley called with coastal influences? What is the weather like?

A

-Aconcagua Costes
-morning fogs and ocean breezes not blocked by hills

78
Q

Which grapes are grown in Aconcagua Costes?

A
  • cooler conditions ideal for fresh white wines
    -Chardonnay & Sauvignon Blanc
    -also pinot noir & syrah
79
Q

What is the climate in Aconcagua Andes? What are the cooling influences?

A

-vineyards up to 1000 m
-days: sunny& warm
-cold air descend from mountains at night = higher diurnal range

80
Q

What style of wine is produced in Aconcagua Andes?

A

-red wines with pronounced ripe fruit flavours but balanced by fresh acidity

81
Q

Where is Casablanca valley located?

A
  • South of Aconcagua Valley
  • 30 km inland
82
Q

What makes the grape growing conditions special in Casablanca?

A

-Low hills to the west do not block influences from ocean
-higher hills in north&east = restrict cool humid air from escaping creating one of Chile’s coolest wine-producing areas

83
Q

What are the coolest vineyards of Casablanca?

A

Most westerly& low lying vineyards

84
Q

Does Casablanca receive moderation at night?

A

-No
-Not close enough to the coast
-cool nights

85
Q

What do cool nights mean in Casablanca?

A
  • spring frost can be severe in low lying areas
86
Q

What grapes are mostly grown in Casablanca?

A

-Sauvignon Blanc
-Chardonnay
-some Pinot Noir& syrah

87
Q

What is the style and quality of Pinot Noir in Casablanca?

A

-high quality
-red berry (wild strawberry), herbal flavours
-mid to premium priced

88
Q

What is the style of Syrah in Casablanca?

A

-typicial cool climate with spicy peppery notes

89
Q

Where is San Antonio located?

A

-to the south of Casablanca

90
Q

What is the topography and climate of San Antonio?

A

-hills to west of coastal range
-heavily influenced by ocean but hills give a range of sites with greater/lesser exposure

91
Q

Which grape variety is the flagship of San Antonio? describe the style

A

-Sauvignon Blanc
-high acidity, medium body,citrus fruit, herbaceous notes and sometimes wet stone
-also: syrah, pinot noir & char

92
Q

Leyda valley is a sub-zone of…

A

San Antonio

93
Q

What is the weather of Leyda Valley like? How does this impact grape growing

A

-only few km from coast = foggy mornings and cool breezes
-together with: afternoon sun
lead to: grapes’ flavours to ripen well and retaining acidity

94
Q

What is the quality of wines from Leyda Valley? Name grape varieties

A

-Sauvignon Blanc & Chardonnay
-Pinot Noir & Syrah

95
Q

What are the weather conditions in the central valley? What does this mean in terms of grape growing?

A

-largely sheltered from maritime influences by coastal ranges
-warm climate
- grapes grow on warm, fertile soil, well irrigated soils: ripe, fruity, inexpensive red wines

96
Q

Which other sites are a part of central valley? what prices are the wines sold for?

A

-valley sides
-Andean foothills
-sites with proximity ocean
-small production=premium to super-premium

97
Q

How many sub-regions does the central valley have?

A

4

98
Q

When are wines labelled as ‘Central Valley’

A

-inexpensive, high-volume
-grapes sourced from different sub-regions

99
Q

Where is Maipo home to in terms of business?

A

-many family-owned businesses since the 19th century
-still dominating the Chilean wine industry

100
Q

What are the grapegrowing conditions in Maipo Valley?

A
  • sheltered from coastal influences by coastal ranges (san antonio and casablanca are on other side of coastal range= much cooler)
    -resulting in warm and sunny conditions
101
Q

Which grape variety is Maipo known for?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

102
Q

What style does Cabernet Sauvignon produce on valley floors in Maipo?

A

-high but soft tannins
-intense aromas of cassis and minty character
-good to very good
-inexpensive to mid priced

103
Q

Which other black grape varieties are grown in Maipo? What quality?

A

-Carmenere & Syrah -> very good quality
Merlot -> inexpensive

104
Q

What is a trend amongst producers in Maipo? Where is the location?

A
  • plantings up to 1000 m, eastern end of valley
    -name: alto maipo with sub-regions Puente alto and Pirque
105
Q

What are the sub-regions of Maipo alto? what style of wine can be produced?

A

-Puente Alto & Pirque
-very good & outstanding wines
-nights cooled by mountain breezes = wider diurnal range -> more fresh&elegant wines
-Cabernet Sauvignon and bordeaux style blends

106
Q

What is the climate of Cachapoal?

A

-Warm
-Cut off from maritime influences due to coastal ranges

107
Q

What style of wine is produced in Cachapoal? Why?

A

-mainly inexpensive red wines from Cabernet Sauvignon, Carmenere and Syrah
-warm fertile valley floor

108
Q

What style does Peumo produces? Why?

A

-full-bodied, concentrated carmenere of very good quality
-Lays within winding valley of Cachapoal river -> sheltered from cold weather andes
-also wind funnelled from coast -> reduces frost risk
-long and warm growing season for late ripening carmenere

109
Q

Where are higher quality Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grown in Maipo?

A

Cooler Eastern end of valley in Andean foothills

110
Q

Why does Colchagua produce a wide variety of wines?

A

-Larger than Cachapoal
-From Andes to Pacific coast

111
Q

What style does the warm, fertil central part of Colchagua produce?

A

-inexpensive red

112
Q

What is an example of a hilly area within the central valley of Colchagua?

A

Apalta

113
Q

What makes Apalta special? for what prices are wines from Apalta sold?

A

-south-facing amphitheatre with south-facing slopes (to slow ripening)
-Captures cool breezes from the west
-poor soils to reduce vigour
-very good to outstanding at (super)premium prices

114
Q

Which grape varieties are planted in Apalta?

A

-Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah & Carmenere
-often blended
-ripe and structured styles

115
Q

What is the climate in the Western end of Colchagua? Which grape varieties grow here?

A

-fully exposed to the coast -> cooler conditions
-Sauvignon blanc, Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

116
Q

What is the climate further inland to the east of the coastal ranges? Which grape varieties grow here?

A

-warmer conditions
-coastal breezes moderate
-syrah&carmenere are able to ripen fully

117
Q

What is the quality of wine from Curico? What are the influences?

A

-inexpensive, high-volume red from fertile central valley
-several rivers provide water for irrigation = easy access
-warm&dry summers, sheltered from coastal influences

118
Q

Which grapes grow in Curico Valley?

A

-Wide variety
-Cabernet Sauvignon & merlot
-Sauvignon Blanc & char

119
Q

Where is Maule Valley located?

A

-Southern end of the Central Valley

120
Q

What is remarkable about Maule Valley?

A

Most vineyard plantings of Chile

121
Q

Where was Maule traditionally known for? Where is it known for now?

A

-inexpensive high volume red from Pais from warm fertile sites
-now: very good quality of old vines and dry-farmed vineyards

122
Q

What is the difference regarding climate compared to Curico in Maule?

A

-also warm
- slightly cooler with higher rainfall (mainly in winter)

123
Q

Is the rainfall in Maule enough for grape growing?

A

-Can be enough to sustain the vines over summer and a number of producers choose to dry farm

124
Q

What is the difference between wines from Maule and other more Northerly regions in Chile on valley floors?

A

-due to cooler climate red wines can be lighter in body and higher in acidity

125
Q

What are the training systems of old vines in Maule? What does this mean?

A

-bush vines
-100-200 years old of Pais and Muscat de Alexandria
-Although traditionally used for inexpensive wines, now used for good to very good quality wines of Pais

126
Q

Describe a good quality Pais

A

-pale in colour
-medium-bodied,medium acidity
-strawberry, raspberry, herbal notes
-low - med - tannins
-tannins can be rough -> gentle extraction methods such as carbonic maceration

127
Q

Which international grape variety is also planted in Maule?

A

-Carignan
- Most of Carignan plantings are in Maule

128
Q

What is VIGNO ?

A

-A growers association in Maule
-promotes old-vine, dry farmed Carignan
particularly from Cauquenes

129
Q

Where is Cauquenes located? What style of wine is produced there?

A

-in Maule, south of the region near the coast
-Carignan
-raspberry, cherry, black plum, spicy notes
-medium (+) - high acidity and tannins
-very good, premium priced

130
Q

What is the climate of the Southern Region?

A

-coastal hills diminish when moving south
-fewer hillsides = less protection from Pacific
-cooler& wetter
-bio bio <1000 mm rainfall (very high)
-summer temperatures not higher than 30

131
Q

Although it is cooler and wetter in the Southern Region, what helps for ripening grapes?

A

the higher latitude: longer days during growing season

132
Q

What is the risk in the Southern Region with rain? How can this be combatted?

A

-fungal diseases
-good canopy management and sea breezes can mitigate the risk

133
Q

in Itata Valley, why is there a shift from very cheap grapes used for blends to better quality grapes?

A

-due to clmate change and water shortage, itata can be interesting for producers

134
Q

Itata is dominated by plantings of… what style does it produce?

A

-Old bush vines Muscat of Alexandria&Pais
-Muscat: high quality distinctive wines especially when dry farmed

135
Q

What old vine international variety is planted in Itata? describe the style

A

-Cinsault
-Good to very good
-medium alcohol, fresh acidity, red&black fruit, liquorice

136
Q

What old bush vines are planted in Bio Bio? what international varieties?

A

-Pais
-also: pinot noir & chardonnay

137
Q

In Bio Bio there is a trend for elegant aromatic varieties. which ones?

A

-Riesling, Gewurztraminer & Sauvignon Blanc

138
Q

What is the climate of Malleco? Which grape varieties grow here?

A

-cool climate
-marked by high acidity
-pinot noir, chardonnay & sauvignon blanc

139
Q

Chile is the …. largest exported of the world

A

4th

140
Q

How many % is exported?

A

70%

141
Q

Domestic consumption is relatively low, what does this mean for export?

A

-need to focus on export
-free trade agreements with China & South Korea (tarriff free trade)
-china biggest export market

142
Q

What are the 4 biggest export markets?

A

-China, USA,Japan,UK

143
Q

Is there a majority of small wineries or large companies in Chile?

A

-large companies
-80% produced by 4 companies (Concha y toro, Santa Rita,Santa Carolina, San Pedro

144
Q

Where do the large companies source their grapes from?

A

-Own vineyards in different regions
-or from smaller growers
-they also have wineries in Argentina

145
Q

How did Chile attract foreign investors? Name a few

A

-relatively cheap land and running costs
-Torres, Mouton Rothschild, Lafite Rothschild

146
Q

What is MOVI?

A

-Movimiento de viñateros Independientes
-very small wineries and producers
-quality wine, promoting them domestically and on the export markets

d3 (12 decks)

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